地球を汚染する過フッ素化合物類
第3部 PFCs は永久に残留する
引用情報・文献


[1] 3M. 2000. Biodegradation study of PFOS. US Environmental Protection Agency Administrative Record Number AR226-0057.

[2] 3M. 2001. Screening Studies in the Aqueous Photolytic Degradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-1030 Photolysis E00-2192.

[3] 3M. 2001. Hydrolysis Reactions of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-1030a090.

[4] 3M. About 3M. available online at www.3m.com/about3m/innovation/inventors_hall/index.jhtml.

[5] HSDB. DDT. available online at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB.

[6] HSDB, rciHTH. 1981. J Water Pollut Contr Fed 53: 1503-18.

[7] Institute, HRcwHCIaT. 1992. Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCLJapan, Japan Chemical Industry Ecology ? Toxicology and Information Center.

[8] Company, M. 1976. Biodegradation Studies of Fluorocarbons. U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-0356.

[9] 3M. 2001. Executive Summary of Biodegradation Studies. U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-1030a107.

[10] Renner, R. 2001. Growing Concern over Perfluorinated Chemicals. Environ. Sci. and Technol.: 154A-160A.

[11] Services, PA. 2002. Biodegradation Study Report: Biodegradation Screen Study for Biodegradation Screen Study for Telomer Type Alcohols,. U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-1149.

[12] UNEP. 1999. available online at www.chem.unep.ch/pops/POPs_Inc/INC_2/en/infs/inc2_inf2.htm.

[13] Syracuse Research Corporation., Meylan W.M. and Howard P.H. 1993. Chemosphere 26(as cited in the HSDB): 2293-2299.

[14] 3M. 2001. Indirect Photolysis of Gaseous Perfluorooctane Sulfonyl Fluoride (POSF) by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-1030a104.

[15] Martin, JW., Mabury, SA., Solomon, KR and Muir, DC. 2003. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 22(1): 196-204.

[16] EPA), UEPAU. 2002. Update: National Listing of Fish and Wildlife Advisories. available online at: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advisories/factsheet.pdf.

[17] US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2001). Analysis of PFOS, FOSA, and PFOA from various food matrices using HPLC electrospray/mass spectrometry, 3M study conducted by Centre Analytical Laboratories, Inc.

Notes relating to graph

Assumptions

  1. Assumed environmental halflife for C-10 fluorotelomer alcohol: 8.6 years. We find no studies that measure degradation of C-10 under normal environmental conditions. We estimated an environmental halflife for the C-10 fluorotelomer alcohol by scaling the environmental halflife for DDT (10.9 years, detailed in assumption #4) by the ratio of halflives of the alcohol and DDT in activated sewage sludge (where DDT degrades by 50 percent in seven hours, according to Johnson (1976), and where 95% of C-10 degrades in 24 hours (Pace 2002)).

  2. Increases in PFOA are calculated based on predicted breakdown rates of C-10 fluorotelomer alcohol, assuming that 12/13ths of the mass of the alcohol converts to PFOA, consistent with Pace (2002).

  3. Implicit in this figure is the assumption that the total moles of C-10 fluorotelomer alcohol and PFOA in the environment, at the time PFOA is banned, are equal.

  4. Assumed environmental halflife for DDT: 10.9 years, based on observed 81 percent decline in breast milk in Germany between 1969 and 1995 (Solomon and Weiss 2002).

References (graph)

  1. Johnson RE. 1976. Res Rev 61:1-28.

  2. Pace Analytical Services. 2002. Biodegradation Study Report: Biodegradation Screen Study for Biodegradation Screen Study for Telomer Type Alcohols. U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-1149.

  3. Solomon GM and PM Weiss. 2002. Chemical contaminants in breast milk: time trends and regional variability. Environmental Health Perspectives. 110(6), A339-447.



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