グリーン科学政策研究所 2015年5月1日
ポリ−及びパーフルオロアルキル物質(PFASs) に関するマドリード声明 情報源:Green Science Policy Institute, May 1, 2015 The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Blum et al. 2014 at Dioxin Madrid 2014 http://greensciencepolicy.org/madrid-statement/ 化学物質問題市民研究会 http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/ 更新 2015年5月6日 このページへのリンク: http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/pfoa/Madrid_Statement_on_PFASs.html オリジナルへのリンク (Green Science Policy Institute) マドリード声明は、ポリ−及びパーフルオロアルキル物質(PFASs)の残留性及び潜在的有害性に関する科学的合意を文書化したものであり、必要な情報を収集し、さらなる危害を防止するためのロードマップを展開するものである。 ポリ−及びパーフルオロアルキル物質(PFASs)に関するマドリード声明
様々な分野からの科学者及び専門家として我々は、ポリ−及びパーフルオロアルキル物質(PFASs)の増大する製造と環境への放出について下記に示す理由により懸念している。
これらの理由により、我々は、PFASs の製造と使用を制限し、より安全な代替非フッ素化合物を開発することに協力することを国際社会に要求する。我々は、科学者、政府、化学物質及び製品製造者、購入組織、小売業者、そして消費者が次の行動をとるよう要請する。 A. 科学者
[1] D’Eon JC, Mabury SA. 2007. Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS): exploring routes of human contamination. Environ Sci Technol 41(13):4799-4805; doi:10.1021/es070126x. [2] Darwin RL. 2011. Estimated inventory of PFOS-based aqueous film forming foam (AFFF). Arlington, VA:Fire Fighter Fighting Foam Coalition. Available: http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/POPsReviewCommittee/Meetings/POPRC7/POPRC7Followup/ Requestsforinformation/RequestsforcommentsbyPOPRC7IWGs/CommentsonPFOSinopenapplications/ tabid/2746/ctl/Download/mid/8994/Default.aspx?id=12&ObjID=14391 [accessed 6 April 2015]. [3] Fire Fighting Foam Coalition. 2014. Fact Sheet on AFFF Fire Fighting Agents. Arlington, VA: Fire Firghting Foam Coalition. Available: http://www.fffc.org/images/AFFFfactsheet14.pdf [accessed 6 April 2015]. [4] Shoeib M, Harner T, Webster GM, Lee SC. 2011. Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: Implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 45(19):7999-8005; doi:10.1021/es103562v. [5] Bjorklund JA, Thuresson K, de Wit CA. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust: concentrations, human exposure estimates, and sources. Environ Sci Technol 43(7):2276-2281; doi:10.1021/es803201a. [6] Begley TH, Hsu W, Noonan G, Diachenko G. 2008. Migration of fluorochemical-paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A 25(3):384-390; doi:10.1080/02652030701513784. [7] Trier X, Granby K, Christensen JH. 2011. Polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) in paper and board coatings for food packaging. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 18(7):1108-1120; doi:10.1007/s11356-010-0439-3. [8] Tittlemier SA, Pepper K, Seymour C, Moisey J, Bronson, R, Cao XL, et al. 2007. Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging. J Agric Food Chem 55(8):3203-3210; doi:10.1021/jf0634045. [9] Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB, Nakayama SF, Egeghy PP, Helfant LJ. 2012. Pilot scale application of a method for the analysis of perfluorinated compounds in surface soils. Chemosphere 86(3):252-257; doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.036. [10] Sepulvado JG, Blaine AC, Hundal LS, Higgins CP. 2011. Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids. Environ Sci Technol 45(19):8106-8112. [11] Rahman MF, Peldszus S, Anderson WB. Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: A review. Water Res 50:318-340; doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045. [12] Eschauzier C, Beerendonk E, Scholte-Veenendaal P, De Vogt P. 2012. Impact of treatment processes on the occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids in the drinking water production chain. Environ Sci Technol 46(3):1708-1715; doi:10.1021/es201662b. [13] Lau C, Anitole K, Hodes C, Lai D, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Seed J. 2007. Perfluoroalkyl acids: A review of monitoring & toxicological findings. Toxicol Sci 99(2):366-394. [14] Post GB, Cohn PD, Cooper KR. 2012. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: A critical review of recent literature. Environ Res 116:93-117; doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007. [15] Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Lauby-Secretan B, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, Ghissassi FE, et al. 2014. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone. Lancet Oncol 15(9):924-925; doi:10.1016/ S1470-2045(14)70316-X. [16] Barry V, Winquist A, Steenland K. 2013. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant. Environ Health Perspect 121(11-12):1313?1318; doi:10.1289/ehp.1306615. [17] Gallo V, Leonardi G, Genser B, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Frisbee SJ, Karlsson L, et al. 2012. Serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations and liver function biomarkers in a population with elevated PFOA exposure. Environ Health Perspect 120(5):655-660; doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104436. [18] Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Mondal D, Armstrong B, Bloom MS, Fletcher T. 2012. Thyroid function and perfluoroalkyl acids in children living near a chemical plant. Environ Health Perspect 120(7):1036-1041; doi:10.1289/es1104370. [19] Fitz-Simon N, Fletcher T, Luster MI, Steenland K, Calafat AM, Kato K, et al. 2013. Reductions in serum lipids with a 4-year decline in serum perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Epidemiology 24(4):569-576. [20] Nelson JW, Hatch EE, Webster TF. 2010. Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect 118(2):197-202. [21] Steenland K, Zhao L, Winquist A, Parks C. 2013. Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the Mid-Ohio Valley. Environ Health Perspect 121(8):900-905; doi:10.1289/ehp.1206449. [22] Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Olsen J. 2007. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 115(11):1677-1682; doi:10.1289/ehp.10506. [23] Halldorsson TI, Rytter D, Haug LS, Bech BH, Danielsen I, Becher G, et al. 2012. Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate and risk of overweight at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 120(5):668-673; doi:10.1289/ehp.1104034. [24] Grandjean P, Andersen EW, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Nielsen F, Molbak K, Weihe P, et al. 2012. Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds. J American Med Assoc 307(4): 391-397; doi:10.1001/jama.2011.2034. [25] Lopez-Espinosa M, Fletcher T, Armstrong B, Genser B, Dhatariya K, Mondal D, et al. 2011. Association of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with age of puberty among children living near a chemical plant. Environ Sci Technol 45(19):8160-8166; doi:10.1021/es1038694. [26] United Nations Environment Programme. 2009. The new POPs under the Stockholm Convention. Chatelaine, Switzerland: Stockholm Convention, United Nations Environment Programme. Available: http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NewPOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/672/Default.aspx [accessed 6 April 2015]. [27] Scheringer M, Trier X, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, Fletcher T, Wang Z, et al. 2014. Helsingor Statement on poly- & perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). Chemosphere 114: 337-339; doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044. [28] Wang Z, Cousins IT, Scheringer M, Buck RC, Hungerbuhler K. 2014. Global emission inventories for C4-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, part II: the remaining pieces of the puzzle. Environ Int 69:166-176; doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.006. [29] United Nations Environment Programme. 2012. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Nairobi, Kenya:Montreal Protocol, United Nations Environment Programme. Available: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/Treaties/treaties_decisions-hb.php?sec_id=5 [accessed 6 April 2015]. |