@@@@@@@ Lyup~-}u}yp|~z }xuz U.M. Dur{s
Ayq|yu{p @|}p~pp «Dur{yz y
}yrp {|p» Ky~yp S. @~|sy y y{p rurp
Dur{s. Rq~y{ puz.
Puty|ryu B.S~y}p~rp. Rp~{-Puuqs:
Ruuq~z ru{, 2005 — 208 . OAQ@H@MEXS@SEL`:@COCOL], DORSOEBRKIJ, ZEDQIN B ruru }~sy, r } y|u {y, ypu|uz XIX |uy uru~~u x~pu~yu yqu| }p~yu{yz y }upu|. B 30\40- ss.
r yxrutu~y Cs|, Cuu~p, Rp|{rp-Zuty~p, Dur{s }w~ |uty us r|u~yu y r|y: y}u~~ r y st r y~u||u{p|~z y tr~z
wyx~y Qyy u|yr rry|y u
yruy }uwt r{y}y ytup|p}y y |z tuzryu|~,
syqu|~z t| u|ruu{z |y~y. Dur{yz ur} r {z |yupu tp| qqu~~u utu|u~yu yp|~-y|syu{z ~y
}upu|. Mupu|r,
yp| ~, qu~~ r|u r pp{up, «wpt~ tuu|~y, wpt~ ~uutru~~z wyx~y, wpt~ tuzryu|~y, ~ |pq, wu~ru~~, ~uw~». B
~y, t|wp| r }| ypu|,
«xpwtpu , ~pxrp }upu|~y, y u|ru{ tu|pu ~p{~u ~u u|ru{}, p
{p{y}- p~~} ur}
ut~us tp \ }upu|u}» (18, 32).P. II xtu }~u u| q r}~y |rp rtpus ~{s p {~p y Mztxz,
Iy{prp Sp{q{
(1886\1912): «„Nu |y us-~yqt y~uu~s?" \ }p~yu{yz
rxt yty yx tur~ s|qy~ {pwts»
(«Ru{|~~u {~»). «Q}p~yx} \ wtu~yu |pq utu»
(«Ryspu{p»). D| s q |u ~ y trp r{pxrp~y Iy{prp
Sp{q{, ~uqty} up|~ utpr| uqu ru}, {stp
}|y }p~yx}u u|utrp|y rtpus ~{s p. ^ q| 1910 st, y~yyp|~ rpw~p tpp t| ruz
~{z |yup~z y quru~~z }|y, {stp }~py ~pp|p p{ ~pxrpu}u «tu| ru|y{z yx}u~u» \ tuq~z u
yr K{ Rz y us
rpyuz. ^ qyu s|q{ r{|~| ty ~{z y~u||ysu~yy. O{|y{~| ~p ~us y Iy{prp
Sp{q{: ~ ~pyp| p «Rru}u~~z xpz r p~u» (p y wyx~y Sp{q{ ~u
q|p q|y{rp~p). B ~uz qry~y|
r|p y stryu {|p r }, qp~r{p r p~u {pz~u ~p{p|u~p, p r {sp y~u||ysu~yy py p}up
ruquz tpr|u~~y. ^y }|y Iy{prp Sp{q{
r{pxrp| y r tsy ry p s
wu uytp, y, ~p ~p rxs|t, ~y y}u r~u~~u }yryrp~~ rx puz «Rru}u~~z xpz r p~u». Sp{, r pu «Ru{|~~u {~», {z
} wu }y~p|y, ~p
r: «Nu |y us-~yqt y~uu~s?» \ rupu: «B utu ru}u~~z }|tuwy ~p r, {p{
pry|, {|y{p: „Nu. ~yus
y~uu~s", \ y xp}|{p, pr|" r utp pxtpwpyz, ~uy~z pt{. .
.» I, t}pu, ~u |pz~ r ~pyp~~} xpt|s t s u|u~u Dur{s «Puuqs{p |uy» (1847), stu
p{ ~p pp{uyxrp|
y }upu|, }w~ ~pzy p~p|sy~u xp{|u~yu: «` p xp}up|, , {stp trp uuqs{y yu| zt stu-~yqt }uwt q y, yrurrpr
qt~ ts tsp, r ty~ s| \ ~rs? \
{p{u- ~xpuu ~~yu |y r y s|p,
{p{z q y~~pyuz s|p ~y ~pp| pxsr.
Duzryu|~, |~p qux~ptuw~ ~p|us|p
~p uuqs{yz r» (18, 11). I
Dur{yz, y Iy{prp Sp{q{
{pxrp ~p p~p|sy~ ypy y|syu{z tpr|u~~y,
struz r quru y wtpuz }p~yu{yz u \ }upu|~,
{p, r r uut, rutu |y~ uu tp|u y u|u{yus p}x~p~y. R ~puz {y xu~y, t|~s Pppt{p|yp Dur{s ~uqty} p}pyrp {p{ utu|u~~z p
r|yy yp }upu|: q } rytuu|ru y
pr{u uty|ryu, y rutu~yu
su r rz py ruy «Hpy{y yx t|». N u|y Pppt{p|y \ {~u~z p, stu ~pt y{p ~pp| s yp? Ppu} p}u r z rxy qpx P{purp
yx «Nur{s u{p» N. B. Cs|. Np urz rxs|t {pwu, P{pur y
Pppt{p|y |~ |yp ts tsp r ~r~ {yuy \ r ~y}p~yy {p rqu (r tp~~} |pu \ {p wu~{z) y r ~u~yy { |qry. D| ss|ur{s su (y t| p}s prp) {pp }wu q |y yz y ~u~z; t| Py{purp ~ur~y}p
}| }, tu~p wu~{p {pp
r}uy}p pxrp}. P} yy P{purp y}uu t| ~p }~sx~p~z y}r|yu{yz }|: P{pur
ry~y}pu ~p}y {p{ ~pyr~z }upu|,
~u x~pyz px|yy }uwt }uz y tuzryu|~ r |yyu su Dur{s, {z
ry~y}pu }u y tuzryu|~
r y p~y~}~y. Pu~~z {ry} Py{pur qy| ru ~s quwp yx «yp pxrpp». Qpxprp~yu, yp~~u suu}, Cs| pr~yrpu pxprp~~ qut~{p, ~putus wu}wy~ y wu r~yrus uu r }{yu r|~. N s|pr~}
t| ~p r|u |utyz ss|ur{yz
{}}u~pyz, u|yr pp{uyxyz
~u |{ su ruy, {|{ (y qu~~ rpw~) y, {} ytu u. B px}|u~y Cs| } ~pty} }tu| ~u~y { {pu ~p
~pp|~} pu }upu|rp: «B p}} tu|u, ~y{stp wp| p{ y|~ ~u r|pturpu ~p}y, {p{ y rytu {p, ~z |ur~}
tp~yu} pxrpp. P q uu quxqpxyu
twy| ~y}, ~ {pp, {pp ~uw~p...
~p |{ t~z ~u~ y yz
|yrpu r ~py }|»(3-22)2.
Nu|x ~u xp}uy, {p{ ruqpx~ y p}q~ rxpy}rxp~ y |rp
p yyu}z }| D}yy Kpp}pxrp: «Kpp! <.. .> S quusp t, ru yruy r}uu wyr <. . .> Puu~uy y} ~u }s, y~z, ryz tpwu utu} u|ru{ y
}} r{y} ~py~pu ytup|p Mpt~~, p
{~pu ytup|} t}{y}. Eu p~uu,
{ wu ytup|} t}{y} r tu ~u ypu y ytup|p Mpt~~, y sy ~us utu us y ryy~, ryy~ sy, {p{ y r ~u qu~u st» (14,100). Ptq~z r {y xu~y ~p {p Cs| { Dur{}, }w~ {pxp, tqu~ «{u~y{r{} uur»3. r }p|} }ppqu, {p{ ~pxrp| M. Apy~ r|y
~u~yz prp { su, yut ru}u~
Cs| { ru}u~p} Dur{s. B twuru~~z sp|uuu Dur{s rupu }~wur ur, {pp { p}qyrp|u~~p, pwpu
qq tqp y x|p, ~uw~y y x|q|u~~y, q|psqpxy y ~y. ^ y Kpuy~p r «Vxz{u», y Npp Uy|yr~p r «Ityu», y @s|p Ep~y~p yx s wu
}p~p, Cu~{p y Kp r «Ap Kpp}pxr». N p{y}y qrp Dur{s ~u |{
wu~y~, tp~ r}~y {~x Bp|{r{s
(«T~ywu~~u y {q|u~~u»), Rrtspz|rp («Pu|u~yu y ~p{pxp~yu»), Rprsy~p («Au»), S{s («Ity»), q ~: r su Dur{s | wu yt|yr }up~
trp }yp \ «ytup| Mpt~~ y ytup|
t}{yz» Mup~yx} uty~u~y |u}u~r {p (r~u~uz) y yxrpu~~y (r~u~~uz, tr~z) ruru rx~y{
Dur{s r «Hpy{p yx t|». Ot~p{ }
~u{|{ xpquwp|y ruut. Bu~u} ~rp { ss|ur{} P{pur. Pu~~z y t s|qy~ ty rxr|~rp~~z, ~ pu quy pu~~z qpx {ppry r ~u. I r {~u {~r, yu
Cs|, «~rytu~y tu|p|y us wyx~y, y s
ru}u~y r wyx~ us y~|p p~~z q: ~, }w~ {pxp, p| ~pr
y qtrrp| r ~u. E|y q us {-~yqt rytu| yty} qux}|r~ uut } |} y|y uty} |yu, ru~ q y~| us xp |~py{p y|y pxu~~s
{u{y}y ~py{p}y; rxs|t us q| rru qux
r{s x~pu~y, yt~p pu~~ ~p{~u
pxry|p y r|pyu|~ yxs~|p ~p |yu us ru rrp, ru trywu~y. O~ wyr|| |{ y
~p|u~yy ~y»(3, 28) Sp{ yty urpu~yu: Py{pur p~ry ur} r t {y suur-}upu|uz, { ~p} xwu,@r@ruru
Dur{s, Cuu~p, Rp|{rp-Zuty~p. B yyrp~~} ru u|u~u «Puuqs{p |uy» Dur{yz yu ~u{|{y}y yp}y qqu~~z u }upu|,
wus ~p ss|ur{s Py{purp: «B y~stp
rupuu u|ru{p pu~~s, ~uutu|u~~-{|}
rxs|t}, p q|ut~}, yx}} |y},
rustp {p{ qt xp~s u}- wp~ s~}, {p{y}- s|r|}~uzy}
tu|}, y~stp yx}u~~s, }|u~~s {p{ qt w{y tr, ~ r ~y ~u yxrtus r~ ~yus, \ p{r qrpu }upu| ~pwy» (18,
32). N u t~ uru~~u px|yyu: t| Dur{s }upu| r|u t~ru}u~~ y «{}p} uuqs{y}», y
y|z, rt~r|uz us ~p xtp~yu
yxrutu~yz qs pp{up. D|
Cs| }upu|r u ~pp| yxyu{z syqu|y su. Py{pur pr|u~ tpwu ~}, ~ ~py~pu
uq| y}, {z ~rp rxrppu ~up~}
tw~y{ pu~~ u{p~ ~ux~p{}{:
~p ryty Py{pur us wu~z, y
rytu~yu wtpu r rp|u~~} }xs tw~y{p ~ru }|y: «Mwu q, t}p| ~, ~p rr|uu~p {p{y}-~yqt
~ur|~} wp~} |pu} r pxrp; }wu q,
trywu~y ty uu {|~~ {
p{p~y; }wu q, ~p wu|p|p q p}p rrp yx wp~s ~y rus. I ~uwu|y pr~t~ ty uu syqu| y y} stp, {stp |{ y tp {,
q py uu |u~y?»(3, 30-31) Mu Py{purp rut us ru tp|u y tp|u: r ~ wu y wu~y ~p
~uz, rup { ru|y{yz y qu{~z, tp y {p{ y~pu, rut ~ yxrp~, us }~u~y, «rxrpy }y |uu us {pu~yu». Spu|~ y~ptyry,
Py{pur r~r pr|u { ruz }uu \ y r~r
ryty uut qz rz ytup|, «ysy~p|
}upu|~z {py~». Rqpry t},
twpy} y r}uu u} |p}u~~} s|} Py{pur ~pp| yrp uz wp~u
|wu~yu, r {} ~p uqrpu... ^p u~p r {p{z- }uu utrypu }~|s Pppt{p|yp
(«Hpy{y yx t|»), {stp ~ uxpu Lyx r|u{p}y ruz wu|~z
p~pxyy. V y r~u~u} tru ypyy }~|sy suur Cs| y Dur{s {~p~ tp|~uzu} ru} pxryy y, s|pr~u, ru} ux|p. Kp~uyu Pppt{p|yp, us «wu{yz p|p~», {} ~
yrpu Lyxu uu st p~ tq, pu|~ yxqpwu~ Dur{y}. M ~u x~pu}, {p{y}y |rp}y, {p{ y}u~~ qpy| Py{pur { u{p~z ~ux~p{}{u. X
wu {ppu up{yy wu~y~ \ ~p tp~p |r~ {~p. B |yyu u~~z t s|qy~ ty Lyx {ppryp Cs|
~u|p { }~|s Py{purp ~p}u|yr, uxu~yu}: «Kp{ }w~! . . ` ~u
p{p y ~u ru, q p|p xp~y}p pq». I Py{pur quwp| \ uu wu ~prustp; ~ xpu r ruz {}~pu, p uux ~utu| q| ~pztu~ us
. «O{rpr|u~~p qyrp
rp||p ~p |»(3, 32-33) Sp{r }upu| 30- ss. I syqu| }upu| Py{purp x~p}u~pu|~p t| ~p r ruu z r|yy, { u|
y su xp y tuy|uy. Pppt{p|y
Dur{s \ wu }upu|
ru} y~z y, 60- ss. K~p }uwt ~y}y xp{|pu, {pz~uz }uu, r tr uru~~
}}u~p. B-ur, r |~} px|yyy ~y u{p~s ({p), r-r, r | wu pxyu|~} |yyy ~u~y { «ptuz» wu~y~u. R}u P{purp utpr|u qu~~
s~z tpwu pr~u~y }u
@{p{y @{p{yuryp («Yy~u|»), {z |u
}uy, {pz~uz }uu, p| yrytu~yu}, }y| ry} }yu|}. R}u Py{purp q|p
p~z \ q } xr| tsptp
us y{ p{y~u {y y tw~ y{pwu~~u u |yp; ~u{} |p{p us, ~y{s ~u rx|u p... «Cq us y, tpwu qux qtr u|ysyy, rux|y ~p O; xp ~y} yty, |p{p| ty~ |{
|tp-w y }, ry| |y~yz rt{y»(3, 33) O}| {~p~ tr yr }upu|uz, ~u|x zy }y} r{pxrp~y R. C. Aprp,
xp}uyrus, Cs| y }|tz
Dur{yz rxp~ {p{ r y ru.4. B}~y}, Mp{p Dur{y~ yp| «Yy~u|», ~ ~u { ~uz {p{ { «p{ry|», «ts|trp~y». II ru} y~pu
yp| wu suz «Rp~y~~s }yu|» P{y~p. Sp{y} qpx}, t}pu, Apr y}u| ru ~rp~y tu|p
rrt, Dur{yz pxpu ss|ur{yz y~ux. I t| u}py{y, yxqp~~z
~p}y, ruwtu~yu y|utrpu| utpr|u ru}p uru~~}.5. Mw~ {pxp, ~u~yu Pppt{p|yp Dur{s { }y, { {pu y { ytup| rqu quu ru ~pp|
y}u~~ z {y, r {z ~py~pu
pxprp~yu, p } y syqu| Py{purp.
Py } ~uqty} tu{~ px|yyu ru{y }utr tr ypu|uz: Dur{s yruy }uwt ytup|}, {pz y tuzryu|~ ~u p r p}{p
pr{s }~|syu{s xup~y, p
uu~ r x~p~yu p}s su (q }
qutyu|~ yp| Apy~), r ru} {p{ Cs| ru u~{y y rrt p xp pr}. Py{pur. }w~
{pxp, rxwtpu y}u~~ r } p}x~p~yy Pppt{p|yp: ~r rus urrp~y suz Dur{s ~pty r pxu~yy ytuy {p,
trutuz Py{purp t p}qyzrp. Cs| s|q{ x~p| ppt{p|~ }yxtp~y; |u syqu|y
Py{purp, { {z t|{~|p us p}p }| rx}w~y urrp~y qwuru~~s ytup|p {p
tr} tuzryu|~y, Cs|
rxt} xp}upu r {~u ruy: «Kp{
p~~, {p{ ~uywy} yspu ~p}y tqp ~pp! <.. .>
Bu yty ~pq»(3, 45) B~y}pu|~ ryrp r |rp ypu|, } ~u ~pztu} r ~y u}
~u }u~uu rxrp }upu| ~uprut|yr} t{. I y} |ypu, ~p ~p rxs|t, y }upu| 30- ss.
(|y~, { yruy
}yt{p p~ t p{z uu~y, ~p }wu {~y qz):
us tp y } ~u r ~yy r}uy ppt{
wyx~y. Rrus «t|~s u|ru{p» Dur{yz ~u |pz~ ~pxrpu Pppt{p|y} \ y~yyp|~ y~z y,
{z wu ~u }wu qux~ y~y}p ppt{
}yzrp, ~ { ~y} y
xupu|~. Pppt{p|~ {p{ q p~ry us ~, ~rz ~r. Vpp{u~ r } }|u yx~p~yu Pppt{p|yp: ~ qr|u, «~u |{
u~ }~s x~p~y, ~ tpwu y r{u x~p~yu
q|ux~ <.. .> Xu} q|u x~prp| tqu y ru} } „u{p~} y r{}", u} s|qwu y {p| r } y~ y u} q~uu q|
ruu~~ xprx~ r ~uz. N s|pr~p up q|p
r }, ru {p{ qt ~u |pz~ r }~u q|, p {p{ qt u} |utrp| p{ q» (5, 102). ^y y|yr «u{p~s y r{s», yx~p~y} su r rz py ruy, yty|y { ~u} |y r
}up, p }u, qu~~ |pt{yu y
y|~u, up|y us «|u pxrpy{p, yty|y p{p~yu} y |uxp}y; {|y}y y
rsp}y» (5, 132). ^y wu y|yr |wy|y t~ru}u~~ y ruqpx~} «}»
t| «pxrpy{p», wyr| us {~p~
|wu~yz y ypyz. «R |
yx yruy y ptp~y, yx }yu|~s
r~u~~us p~p|yxp» (5, 133). Twu y rqp~~u yp {p~uyr rytuu|r }, {p{ r|y uuu| ~p wu~yy tr
tuy|uyz y }upu| Py{purp t Pppt{p|yp. B |yyu Py{purp, {z «qy| ru ~s, {p{ ty{p
{xp, y rquwp| ~p |y»(3. 21),
Pppt{p|y ~py~pu «qux |qry, sq y quwu <..
.> } s, u} ~pp |qr ru~pu» (5, 152). I t~ru}u~~ ~ x~pu uq «p{}»,
wyry} ~u|u} y rpyu|~} pxrp}. Kp~uyr wyry s{ p Lyx, pxtyp uu t, Pppt{p|y,
{pxp| q, ptpu uz. B
tuzryu|~y wu, {stp uux ~u{|{ t~uz Lyxp yty { ~u} r y{p ~pus,
~uttu|~s rry y
pu~y, ~ sq p|{yrpu ~up~ wu~y~, ~py~p ~ru pp{y y ut{pxp~y. Ptq~u pxtru~yu |r y {r, t}pu, quu y{y r x~p~yy {ypus yruy }uwt }uz y
tuzryu|~: r ry }up suz \ q|pst~z
pyu| ptuz wu~y~, r
tuzryu|~y wu ~ \ wp|{yz qut~{, {z q|u
rus qy, Lyxp ryty us ~yu, r~u~ y tr~. I p}p }| }, Lyxp rytu|p , ~ur~y}p t| Pppt{p|yp. I|~u~~z wu|y y
pxtpwu~y, ~ ~u r y|p tuwp uq y rxrpu y}u~~ s,
~u }wu rrp yx xp}{~s ~s
{sp x~p~y ruz qut~y,
u}|u~y xp}p{yrp uu, syuyrp~~s u|pry, u~y }uxy
rus ~pt}p~~s {p. B } yxtu ruy Dur{s t| ~p qu~~ rpw~} utpr|u
x~p~yu Pppt{p|y} s, {q|u~~p Lyxp ~|p s|pr~u: «. .. ~|p yx rus s ,
wu~y~p rustp uwtu rus
z}u, u|y y{u~~ |qy, p y}u~~: p} ~up|yr» (5, 174 |wy~z –
}z S.K ). R u} wu rxs|t} suy~y, xurpuz ~upu su, qyrpuu r ~u} tpwu {rx p~y st~y, }
rupu} r }p~u «Pu|u~yu y ~p{pxp~yu», r
u~u t~s yx rytp~yz R~y y
Qp{|~y{rp.: «- Ktp yty? – r pu y|p ~p y ~ur|~ y|p ~pxpt. Pu} wu x~p? H~p |{, t~z
tsu, ~pru~ x~p, - y |{. Ot~p u|! O~p }u|p ~p ~us, y ~yus ~u ~y}p|p.
O~p ~y}p|p |{, ~ wp~, qu{~u~ ~upu~»(6, 252
|wy~z – }z S.K) Mw~, ~p
~p rxs|t, }u| ruwtp, tq~p x|yr, {z ~ptu|u ry suy~ Dur{yz, \ us qru~~p x|yr, pr|p r
|y~yu{z ytu }yp
yxrutu~yz Dur{s ~uqty}z }}u~ ywu~y
y|syu{z ~y us suur. X x~ppu t| Pppt{p|yp - |qr? Lqy, us }|y, x~py, «yp~rrp y ~prru~~
urtrrp» (5, 176). O~ ~u }wu
utpry uqu |qr y~pu, {p{ tqr|~ tprp~~u |qy}} ut}u} pr yp~rrp ~pt ~y}. @ Lyxp, x{ xur ~uq~ s u|ru{p
~y { |qry, ~y { }y|uty, }|p
|p ~us. Sp{ q|u}p yruyz
ytup|p ({p) tuzryu|~ yx u uyu{z uuppu r yu{. Rp}x~p~yu |y~y Pppt{p|yp y r~u~yz }y rustp ~u
r |ptp, }uwt ~y}y uru y {u~u p~ps~yx}, y}u~~ } x~p~yu qru~~z |pqy, tr~z
~yu t| ~us ~ur~y}: ~ t|wu~ ~~ xpyp uq txyu|~, tpwu psuyr~ ru y r.
^p ~{y us p}x~p~y wtpu y utu|u~~z {}|u{ y|syu{y
|u}u~r. Spsyx} s «p~ysu», Pppt{p|yp, Dur{yz rytu| «r ptp~yy, r p}{px~y,
r x~p~yy |us y r ~urx}w~y ty us y, s|pr~u, r {}
quwtu~yy y ~up~, y ru p{r,
p p| q, ~u y y ypr|!» (16, 329). B rxy y} xu~yu} ru|y{s ypu| y|syy t| q rpw~ yqup t| ~p xpy{y
Dur{s 16 pu| 1804 s. sqp us urz
wu~, Mpyy D}yyur~ Ipurz,
y}u~~ r ru}, {stp ~ pqp| ~pt {y rz py ruy «Hpy{y yx t|». Sp} } rupu} s|q{yu px}|u~y q|u}u ~u~y |qry { |t} y
qru~~s «». B yrpr|u~yu }|} Pppt{p|yp Dur{yz ruwtpu
rx}w~ ytup|p |y~y qru~~s «» u|ruur} y ryty r } xp|s ru|ypzus p ru wyry. P|~ tprp uqu u r ~pwu~~y
yruyz }uwt |y~ y
{wpy} }y}, pr «Hpy{ yx t|» r|pu }|u~~ ytup| r qpxu Vyp, r|utryu r|u~y {s «p| ~ {p{ tu~,
rpzuu |ut~uu pxryyu
|y~y y}u~~ y t|w~ tzy t s (r p}} {~u pxryy, r p}} ~{u tywu~y u|y) <.. .> <..
.> {p{ q ~ywy „", tp us u|y{} ru} y {pwt}
quxpxtu|~ y quxxpru~» (20, 172). Dur{yz
yty { z }|y {p{ q yr~s, y|yy y |sy{y Pppt{p|yp. N xp}uy}, r pwtu~y
ru|y{s ypu| wu u |u}u~ ppt{p. «... E|y u| {~pu|~p
u|ruurp, \ yu ~, \ (tys~r
{z, u} ~u ~pt qtu pxryrp, u tysp, q,
xurp y ru ptu~y ry ytup| y ru~ u}y { ~u}, \ p| q, ~u ~pt qtu wy) \ , |utru~~, u|ru{, tysp, {p~yrpu ru
xu}~u urrp~yu <.. .> N tysp p{z ru|y{z u|y, }u}
pwtu~y, ruu~~
qu}|u~~, u|y y tywu~yy u|y ru sppu y yuxpu.. .» (20, 172-173). Ip{, }|y Dur{s, u|ru{ ~p xu}|u rustp p~u ur} pxryrpy}, uut~}, p ~u xpruu~~}. A|yx{ }| (t~p{ r ~u{|{ y~}
{~u{u) } ~pty} r ruy
Rp|{rp-Zuty~p «Pyruy» (1848). Cuz z ruy, Npsyqy~, r t~} yx yu} { rpy ruwtpu: «Xu|ru{ ~u ty~ ~p xu}|u; r~u us uru tsz,
|y~z ~us }y, {z ~ t|wu~, t~p{ w,
~, {p{ ~uqty}u t|~u~yu uqu, \
{pw q|uu, qux {s ~ p} uq ~y}p ~u }wu. II r }- ru~yy u|ru{} r~u~us }yp r } ~u~yy ~u~yz ry { ~u} y y s|pr~p
xptpp, ru }| us wyx~y <.. .>B yu,
}wu q, }u~, wu qtu, {stp u|ru{ y|~y r xptp, {stp ~ utu|y ry ~u~y { r~u~u} }y, {stp p |{ |u pxx~u~~p p~y~}y
\ u|ru{ y r~u~ ytp \ |u ~p{~u r
ty~ ru|yuru~~z y~ux? Orup: stp u{ppu su
u|ru{p, stp ~ppu uyt us {u~y, y p{ {p{ wyx~
q|r|yrpu trywu~yu} y y{|pu ytu y~uyy \ ~ppu uyt: }uy.. .»6.(1,
74-75) T Rp|{rp-Zuty~p r |yyu Dur{s ~u u~tu~yy { u|ysyx~} pxuu~y rp. P Dur{},
«qu}|u~~ <.. .>
u|y ~u qtu wyx~y u|ru{p y tywu~yy u|y. R|utru~~, u qtp, pz{p wyx~ »(20-173). P Rp|{r-Zuty~, «ux|p} ru y yu} |uwy
t~p y p wu ru~pp y ytu p, pr~y|~p }uy»(1, 75) D| qy ypu|uz qy} r|u
p{u~yrp~yu ~uut|y}s yruy }uwt |y~ y u|ruur},
}uwt qru~~z r~u~~uz u|~ y pxrp~~ rus {wpus }yp. II rpwu~ r: wu qtu u|ru{} r ux|pu |~s x~p~y y yruyz? Py{pur {~y| qz, ~u rtuwpr sxp yruyz. Pppt{p|y pu yrpry ru} }y rz
wu|~z qu{yryx}. Npsyqy~ yxqypu {p{ uty~ru~~ rx}w~ t| uq } urrp~y quyp~u xup~yu;
~ y}yy| ~urx}w~ pxuu~y yruyz, pry| {p{yu q ~y q| ~ptuwt ~p p{yr~ wyx~y,
q~ yx}u~y -... Npsyqy~p } }wu} ry~y}p {p{ }s |yup~s «}{p» Py{purp: ~ | wu s|q{ yp~
x~p~yu} ppt{p|~y }yp, ~ wu y~y}pu uu
{p{ t|w~u. P |rp} Npsyqy~p, «ru}y
~p}y pr| qu|rp, ru } ~u
y~u, {p{ |~u y {~u pq ~uqty}y, y } ru|ypzyz suz tu|pu } r p{y qu|rp, stu tu|pu ru|ypzy} suu}»(1, 133) I tp|uu
~ pwtpu: «S, {} ytp, {pxp| q, tp|p ru, q q, ru|y{y} }|yu|u}, ru|y{y} stpru~~} u|ru{},
r tuzryu|~y ppu ru}p t~u psy y|y pr|u {xu| yx}u~~ p |ptuz; r rytyu, ~u{u xpqp|y
~p r t| |y{} }~s ~px~pu~yz, p
tsyu rru p|y qux r{z
utu|u~~z |y, wyr t~ ~p tu~ y {|~ ~up~ }y~, r { rytu|y ~y ru»(p}
wu) Nuwu|y tq~u }yryyu ~u q| x~p{} su} Cs| y Dur{s? Du| xtu, t}pu, r }, tq~u wyx~u~~u ypyy suy Cs| y Dur{s {|~~ |{rp {p{
ututu|u~yu tq, {, r ru} {p{ suz
Rp|{rp-Zuty~p p}pyrpu u wu ypyy {p{ ~u{yz {}|u{,
q|r|u~~z qu|rp}y. N, ~u} ~p , {yy{p Npsyqy~}
yp|~ qu|r utpr|u
~p} ~u |{ ppt{p|~z, ~ y y~yu{z
~pp|p t {~p: ~p ur |r ~yxp~p {yy{z }upu|~y, p {~pu yx~p~yu} qru~~z }upu|~y. Vpp{uyx y}p rus ~s ptupp |rp}y «~p, q|pspp |usy», Npsyqy~ yu: «^, {|y yu,
tr|~ ~uuuru~~u ~yu
<....> } wypp ~p wpwtp
yrxp~~y ~u y}uu ut}u} us-|yq tuzryu|~s, ~pyr, }
{p{y}- uxu~yu} rpyrpu} z ut, r {z wyru}, y xtpu} uqu qz }upu|~z }y, {z ~pu|u} yxp{p}y rus rqpwu~y
<. . .> t~y} |r}, p{z }y <.. .> stu }p~y ~pu} r| <..
.> t~u, ru|{yu wu~y~ pu}y
qy}y, wsy}y u|}y y ~uy{pu}
~us r s|pxp.. .»(1,72-73) Puut ~p}y ~u y~u, u} }upu|~z }y Py{purp, \ {uu, qpx q|yx{ }y Pppt{p|yp r
}|ty. Kyy{ }p~yx}, Npsyqy~ ruu }|ptu}
rpy: «Pp ~p} p rut ~s ~p xu}|u, p ~u pxrpp uq pxt~}y xtp~y}y |~z p~pxyy»(1,74) I, ~u} ~p p{u wu{u ruwtu~yu r ~pp|u ruy, r {~u uu, uuwyr |qr { Sp~u, Npsyqy~ yx~pu: «@
us ru ? Os, }~u ~u tp~
p{yu{s ~y}p~y tuzryu|~y,
s, } }z ryp|y }up~y}y, ~u tp|y u} {u~, uxry y y|y ~ptp |qrz tsu wyx~y! <. . .> I {stp
~pru|y }u~ ~p yy~~z , {stp {pxp|y }~u, ru r wyx~y y}uu rx y }|, ~u|u uru r }u} rqpwu~yy, p ~p tu|u ru ~~ y
z~, {stp x~p| ru \ q| wu xt~!»(1,182) Pyrutu~~u yp, t}pu, tp ~p} ~rp~yu yp Npsyqy~p utpryu|u} s wu yp suur, {z
p}pyrp| ~p}y ru. Ou~ rpw~} utpr|u
p{, Npsyqy~, {p{ y Pppt{p|y,
tuzryu|~ rustp r|u p}qyrp|u~~z.
P ~pq|tu~y Npsyqy~p, r qt~y~ pp{up «{p{- {z~ uqu t{} ruy p}u yr|w~u,
~y, ts tsp ~ywpyu»(1,77). Npsyqy~ rzru~~ pr| p}u px|y~u ypyy r uqu p}} y
|t: t~z ~, p}z |t~z syx},
tsz \ p}p ~ywu~~p {~; t~z \ rx}pp wu{,
ru|ypzuu pr~tyu, tsz \ ru|y{tyu, |qr...
Rurrp~yu }~s y s|s,
r{s y }u~s \ «y ru r}uu, ru t} y ru r y} t~s y s
wu ~pp|p tqp. . .»(p} wu) B |yyu suur Dur{s Npsyqy~ ~u wyru }y~p|~z wyx~, ~u ~p|~u~ uyu{y}y ytup|p}y, us
yruy ~ y «s|r~z», }ru~~z
pp{u, xr| su ~u swp r
ypyy, p {p{ q xup y ~. I
r } }|u ~u|x ~u }uy |~ tr suur, Pppt{p|yp y Npsyqy~p: ty~ yx ~y ~pty ~p
|u qu{yry{}, tsz \ ~p qu{yry{}. Rq|ywpu y suur , qp ~y p~p|yy{y, u|y r|xrp utu|u~yu} Dur{s, \ «u|u{u». P yx~p~y Npsyqy~p, «u|u{ur» p{ wu
wy| ~y}, «tu|p| t p{z uu~y
y~pt|uw~ }us urp, qux ~us y wyx~ }~u ~urx}w~p»(1, 101) «Qu|u{ur»
pp|yxu us tuu|~, urppu su r ur
pyr~u, quxtuu|~ xupuu. R p}s
wtu~y xp}upu r uqu Npsyqy~ utu|u~~u
rzr: «... { u} q ~y qpy|, ~p q ~y rxs|~| ~, ru }s~ru~~ px|psp| q uut ~y}
~p yyz~u ry py»(1,
137) Buxtu ~ ryty |y sq y qu}u~~ st p} t|yr }u|pzy py, ru r|u~y
wyx~y r us s|pxp tq y
yx}u|p. Pppt{p|y Dur{s y ru} r y~} pu{u, r qu{yry{} }y~p|~} {~u{u, ~ p{wu
yx~pu ru quy|yu, ~utq r| rus
u|u{yus x~p~y. Sp{,
ruwtp, }z, ~uutru~~z |t x~p~y u ~u y~u, {p{ y~uy, x~pu|~u ytu~yu |wp {y, Pppt{p|y {p{ q {pxrpu ~p} ~p
~yu Npsyqy~p, r}uyrpus tuu|~s u|ru{p: «Bu ~uutru~~u |ty y tuu|y } y tuu|~, ~y
y sp~yu~ <...>, ~y
r|utryu ruz sp~yu~~y q|ywpzyu
y ruu~~u yy~ xp
ur~pp|~u y~y}p, p{y} qpx}, {uu y |usu tsy quwtp, ~uu|w~u ~rp~yu
ru} tu| ~p|y, ~ y {yrp» (5, 108). Xq u|ru{ }s tuzrrp, ~ t|wu~ q {u~ y ptyu|u~. «N p {p{ , ~py}u, uq {? Ctu
}u~ ur~pp|~u yy~, ~p {u
, stu ~rp~y?». I, xptprp
uqu r, ~ p} wu y rupu: «` pw~ r }|u~yy, p |utru~~, }u~ r{p
ur~pp|~p yy~p p wu py xp q ts, uu ur~pp|~uu, y p{ tp|uu
r qu{~u~. Sp{rp y}u~~ ~ r{s
x~p~y y }|u~y» (p} wu). ^ yx~p~yu
Pppt{p|yp ruu~~ uryt~ uu{|y{pu
|rp}y Npsyqy~p: «Hpu} r{u r|u~yu pxtru
r }y s|pxp; xpu} ~y ~p ty~
r ~u }wu pt{ }z rup
{ru~~: tp |y ~u; xpu} r t~ y wu ru} wtpu r }uz tu p prtp~yz y p
ruwu~yy?». II, pryr
r, Npsyqy~ t|wpu: «Bpu }|tu utu ~u }wu y, {|{ wsus ptp~y r z p~~z
wyx~y, stu ~u ~p u} {y pt{, stu quup~~ t}pu yp ~sp}y r xu}|, y
quup~~ {|uq|u y ty
~p yx-t ~s!»(1, 111) Sp{y}
qpx}, y Npsyqy~p, y Pppt{p|yp } }wu} p}pyrp {p{ suur, pyry r r, tyry, rpwu~y rs, yx «u». ^ p~p|sy
truwtp y q~u~y ~py|ru~~} p{u \ uy~u y|y tpu,
~p~uu~~ {u}-. Pppt{p|y q~u
«xp{~} yt» \ |yryz
uy~ «qux ry~ ry~rp» (5, 103). Np r Sp~y: «<c>u|y q rp... {-~yqt tpy|... rut q| q ~uqty}... {pz~uz }uu
yyu{y?»(1, 92), \ Npsyqy~
rupu: «<...>y u~u pr, y qu|u prc»(1, 93) I~}y |rp}y,
p |pt~{r~ pxqp tu|, ~ rytu| q, {q|u~yu ~p~uu~ u} ~u ~p}uu~~, } y
~urx}w~ utu|y, «{
ry~rp». ^y ~psyqy~{yu ruwtu~y r ~u{
}}u~p y |~ rptp |rp}y
Pppt{p|yp. Sp{, ~py}u, Pppt{p|y sry «}y» (. u. y|u~~ }|u} u|ru{u): u|y «}» qywu~p, ~p, px}uu,
u }y ru} qyty{, ~
u} q|u r ~uz ~p{p|yrpu x|y, u} q|uu ~p, r|utryu y|u~~s x~p~y, ypu ru pr ~p }u~yu. «Nup~p } {}u t~z ur~pp|~z spty u|p wu ~psty {s} uq, r rytu rr y }~u~yz, |{ tsy sptuz; { t~} r tru|p
|{ ~upxuu~~ rr, ~ur|u {s}
~uu ~pqypu {p{p- {rp qtp,
{p{p- r~p sx, p yx uu }~u~yz, r|~u~yz...» (5, 104). Sp{y}
qpx}, } }wu} ~pq|tp, {p{ trp y su z {~p~} q} {pxrp ~p ru}p q|yx{u r~u~~uu ~yu. R|utu qpy uux~u r~y}p~yu y uu ~p t~ u. I Pppt{p|y, y Npsyqy~ r| y ruz
}p~yu{y}y }p{y}p|yp}y. Rp} qz
px}uu, }upu|r u~ rxp~ }p{y}p|y{y}y wu|p~y}y y u~y}y,
r| rus tp tx~pu|~z {}u~pyuz ~utr|uru~~ wu|p~yz y ~ptuwt. P |rp} Pppt{p|yp,
«ruu~~z |y y ~ ~u
}s y r y}u~~ }- r tuzryu|~y u~ {z~ xp~y}p| |ut~.
Lyq suz, |yq sx, uty~ ~u q|»
(5, 133). Put|urp p{y} qpx} yruy tuzryu|~, ~ swpu r ppt{p|~u uyu{u u~yu, {} } sry|y ru, tq~ us p}pyrp.
Npsyqy~ wu, ~pq, xup xu| yruyz,
wp|u: «Twp~ ~u p}u |yu~y <...> wp~ x~p~yu rx}w~y py, x~p~yu ruz qpu|~z |pty
tr|uru~~z py, {u, ~p su
qut~} py, r|u rqpwu~y us r p}u t~u }y~ us wyx~y! Bytu pu r ruz t~z |~u us, xp {p}y py~ru~~ p q|pwu~rp
<...> y r wu ru} x~prp, ~y{stp sq
us ~u y{~ { ~uz, \ r uut u}
uu~uu }| u|ru{p, r stu yy~~u qutryu us |wu~y!»(1, 111) B rxy y} yx~p~yu} su Rp|{rp-Zuty~p y}y~pu r{ yx y}p Au|y~{s { Ap{~y~ 10
prsp 1837 s., {stp ru|y{yz {yy{ ~pty| t
r|y~yu} y|yy Uyu y ptp|
~urx}w~y «y}yu~y tuzryu|~».
«Gyx~ ytup|~p y wyx~ tuzryu|~p rustp try|y r }y ~y: }y~{p sp}~y y
x~p{}r ytu}y Uyu, q|pstp uqu, r urz px quty|y }u~, ytup|~p- wyx~ u y}u~~ wyx~
tuzryu|~p, |wyu|~p,
{~{u~p, p p{ ~pxrpu}p tuzryu|~p wyx~ u yp~yu, yxp{, ~ywur, p. I
x~p| urrp~yy z
{~{u~z wyx~y t| s <...> q truy, |{ yq|ywu~yu { uu rp} \ ~u
~p|pwtu~yu, ~u |{ utu~yu uu sp}~yy y uu
p}pr \ u uuru~~ rx}w~p }
wyx~»7.. Kstp Au|y~{yz yp| y |rp, ~, }w~ {pxp, q| r ~yy {pz~uz ~yu. B ts} }uu s wu
y}p ~ }y~pu }, ~u |{ ~| r
t|sp, ~ y uru ~p wz u,
xpqp}y txuz, tp~y}y |tuz, tp|u{
~u rustp rpwpu} y}, q|pstu~y}y {p{y... O~ tuzryu|~ s{
uuwyrp| ru r|uu~yu y|yuz Uyu y u~yu {ypy yruyz, ~ tr|~ { Au|y~{} tp| rrp yx s y{p ~p t|y~~z
ytuz~z . Npsyqy~ wu, x~pr tq~u yruyu, rqp| {p{ rx}w~z p{uyx}. P us quwtu~y, rqtp u ~u
y~u, {p{ wtu~yu pxt~z p~pxyy, «p}q|u~yu stu|yrs tp ~pus», p
|utrpu|~, rqtp \ «qux}|r~u ry~ru~yu pu} ~pt ru} y} xp{~ ~uqty}y»(1, 105) @ s|p~ } xp{~, {p{ ~y}pu us
Npsyqy~, u} p}} ~u pxuu~
|qy wu~y~, p u} q|uu \ wu~y ~p ~uz. Gu~y~p, }|y Npsyqy~p, \ ut}u {y, {z }wu xr|y uqu |{ qspz u|ru{, p
qut~} «p{p ys{p
~uxr|yu|~p!»(1, 106) Spsuty Sp~y y}u~~ r } y y, ~p
|qy|p p{s u|ru{p, {p{ Npsyqy~. O~y q|y tx}y turp: Npsyqy~ q| sru~u} ~ruz qsps }uy{p Ky~p, p Sp~y. O~y r|u{|y ts ts}, ~ Npsyqy~
{pxp| {p{ |y~ |y{} wp|{y} t| s, q rzy yx
}upyxyu{s y{p, p}u~y
{s } ry|y q| p ~puz pq. B {~u {~r ~ uxwpu r
M{r, pr| Sp~ ts},
st~} uu x. Sp~ xpq|u|p yx-xp uuwys s, |us|p y r{u }u|p. B |ut~yu }y~
uu wyx~y Npsyqy~ yuxwpu { Sp~u,
q |p ~uu |ut~yu |rp: «Dp y ~u ry~rp <.. .> tp| }|
}u} urrp~y, q| ru}
t| qut~z Sp~y! Py} wu p} ~upu~... ryw, ~y}p, {|{ sy r } quy|yy...
Oqu|rp tpr, ts }z, qu|rp wu{y... p } ~u
ry~rp: ~urx}w~,
~urx}w~!»(1, 180, |wy~z }z – S.K) Oqpy}
r~y}p~yu ~p p{, suy~ ~y{pu r p}u xpru~u s|qy~ y|syy |qy}s u|ru{p y y ~prru~~z
{ppu xurpu us «~up~u x~p~yu», q|ywpu uu suy~}y Dur{s \ Lyxz yx «Hpy{
yx t|» y R~u{z Mp}u|ptrz. B u}u Ky~ Sp~ q|p ty~{p, ptp|p
u~y ruz wty, s, ry~y}p|p uq |y~uz r qsp} }uyu} t}u. B ru} t~ur~y{u ~p yp|p:
«S t~p qux tu|p, t~p |y~ ~p
ruu! Awu }z! tp ry~rpp |y , }u~ rxp~ {y, p~ y u|u~ ru }u ur?»(1,
108). I y}u~~
u~yu Sp~y |wy| t~z yx yy~ q|ywu~y suy~y Npsyqy~}. Su} ~u }u~uu
~uqty} tu{~, Sp~y r |yyu ~us u r~u~~ ~rp,
uwu~, {z pr|u
~r uu pp{up, }yrrrp~y, q } rytuu|r, ~py}u, uu
u{p~u r}y~p~y turu,
}puy. I xtu
~ur|~ r}y~p |rp Dur{s yx us x~p}u~yz uy P{y~u, ~yu { Sp~u Lpy~z: «T ~uz y r p~yy y r ptp|u{} x~p~yy,
syq|p uu wyx~, ru-p{y u
~u rutu y ~uxq|u}u, ~p ypu uu tp.
^ uu r}y~p~y turp, r}y~p~y ty~, tuuru~{z s|y, r {z ~pp|p uu }yu~~p,
yp wyx~ <.. .> S y{~ru~yu ty~z, t~} ~pt},
us r~u. @
~us (O~usy~p. \ S. K.)
u, y { ~ p{z?» (26, 143). Sp~ Rp|{rp-Zuty~p }u{ {pxrpu yy~ r~u~~uz }uru|y Npsyqy~p: ~p y r },
|y| r|utryu «{p{y-~yqt pz~, xppury
p~, xr|u~~s p}|qy, q}p~
~ptuwt y tsy suuz, {}y p{ qy|~ ~ptu|u~p wyx~ qut~s
u|ru{p»(1, 147) Qpx}| ~pt y} xp}up~yu} Sp~y, } ~rp }wu} ru~
{ syqu|y }|ts tw~y{p Py{purp yx ruy Cs| «Nur{yz u{». Nu |{ Pppt{p|yp, ~
y Npsyqy~p } rpru ry~y}p {p{
~u{ |w~u~~ u}y~yu~y ~up~s
Py{purp. B } }|u qu x~pu~yu yqupu t| ~p pp{uyy{p Sp~y: «X qtu! tp rut x~puu |y, {
u} yrutu xps|trp~yu ruut? O~ yrutu
{ }» r rytyu pus
u|ru{p y ~u puu us, y ruz rx}w~y
py, } wyx~ us, }wu q, uy|~u~p ~upyz y |yu~yz, y, |utrpu|~, pu~yu
|wy |{ { }, q r~r
rxrpy us pwtpy} ru ~
u|utrp~y}»(1, 145) Npyr~z }p~y{ Py{pur pry| { {ppryu-y{u }| py uu syqu|y y ruy|
~p}u{... Npsyqy~, ~~ urwp qtu}, xpqrpu t|y~~z tuzryu|~z wyx~y... Es wyx~ u ~u
y~u, {p{ «}u }ut|u~~p, }yu|~p,
}y~p xp }y~ pr|p u|ru{p»,
y, qru~~} yx~p~y su, «~u |u |y wu px} {~y q, ~uwu|y yu,
yu}pyu{u p}qyzr»(1,
132-133) Kp{ wyx~ Pppt{p|yp ~u {pxp|p ~py} ut|u~yu} y pxuu~yu} ~upy Py{purp, p{ y wyx~
Npsyqy~p ~u rupu ~y ~p ty~ yx pr|u~~
rr. Pqu} tu|p
ut|wu~yu p{s tp: Npsyqy~ y~| |qr Sp~y, wu~y| ~p
~uz. Kp{z p~u us wyx~ stp? M }wu} ~pzy yq|yxyu|~ }tu| tq~z wyx~y su r ruy Cuu~p «K ry~rp?» (1845), r qpxu Kyu{s. (Np}~y}, ru Cuu~p ry|p ~p trp stp p~u
ruy Rp|{rp-Zuty~p.) O{wpp
qu p utp wp, |qr Lq~{y y Kyu{s, Sp~y y Npsyqy~p wtpu ~p wuz ~ru. X wu {ppu p}s wup \ |qr }~z,
q|pst~z tur{y yx }uyuz
u}y y sru~up, «}p|u~{s u|ru{p», ru Rp|{rp-Zuty~p
}w~ ry~ {p{ ty~ yx rpyp~r ruy Cuu~p. E|y wu } pu}
~p}uy utu|u~~z t }upu|uz,
{ ~p ytu u, Kyu{yz r }
t ry~y}pu {p{ }uw~u xru~ }uwt Py{pur} y Npsyqy~}. B t}u }uy{p Nusrp, stu u|y|
Kyu{yz, |qr r{u p~ry t| su
«utyu}, {| {s
p|wy|y ru |u}u~ us wyx~y»(4, 51)8. Kyu{yz ~p|{ tp|u{ rus «xu}~s»,
qrs, , ~u xpt}rp utrp, tu|pu
ut|wu~yu Lq~{u y, px}uu, uu
rp Nusrp qtu} y zru. Hpu} ~ |pu }u yu| r sy}~pxyy y
wu~y ~p Lq~{u. Kyu{yz
rru uq p|yr}, ~ r } pu }yu|~ t| ~us px}|u~y
qtu}, pr|yu wyx~. Np qu{~u~u
wp|q su rupu tsz suz ruy,
{} Cuu~ tpu }~syu ry }|y, \ t{ Kr: «` ruz ~ {pw, r wyx~ ~u ~y}p|
tp y ~u z} y q|ux~u~~u rqpwu~y,
~ptyu ~p|pwtu~yu r }, q }y
uq suxp}y y yt}rp qut y ruut sy.
Sp{z pp{u \ rus tp ~upu»(4, 130) H~p}u~pu|~}
utpr|u y tsu pwtu~yu t{p Krp \ {|~~y { «~up~} x~p~y», «~u}u~yu wy r ~pu},
u~y qtuu, tprp u} \ t~p yx }p|~ ytu}yz, ~pyq|uu pxry r ~pu ru}»(p}
wu). ^ xp}up~yu, }w~ {pxp, |yrpu ru ~p y|sy
Pppt{p|yp Dur{s y Npsyqy~p
Rp|{rp-Zuty~p, r }~s} q~
~p} }yu~yu y suur. R r|u~yu} Au|rp u}uz~u pu Kyu{s
pxpu y }p~u utrry su
~uwytp~~ prtrp. Np{|{ s~
t| Kyu{s, sry p{u pr{u xp}up~yu: «I ~p rwu~~z }upu|, uzp
qux}~z ur~yru, {ppyz }w, rts uy| p}ruwu~~
}|p. hP ~p qtu p|yrp, ~p x~pu } p}ruwu~~ |qr, |y q }~u uu rytu, |y
q x~p, ~p uru; qt
uu qp}, uu ts}!h. I ~ |p{p| }y|u~y, y u} p| |usu, {stp ~ uy| ~p sysp~{yz trys \ ~p quutu|~u wurrp~yu q, y ~
uy| }|y, ~p qtu
~p us wurz; ~ q|y }y~ tur~z ~p~y: ~ }u~uu ~uwu|y r tru
~utu|y yx~u}s, p| t qu}u~u} p{z ~y»(4, 190) Xq }|y p} }}u~ uutp yp |y~y Kyu{s { y |y~y Npsyqy~p, u|uqpx~} qtu r}~y |rp Npsyqy~p, {u, ~p ~p rxs|t,
xrp ~uttu|~z y~yuz ~u~y { Kyu{}: «Lqy y ~p|pwtp ru |qr }wu |{ u|ru{,
r|~u q|ptpyz ry} q|ps} r
wyx~y \ quu~; stu u xpqp, stu }~u~yu, p} ~u |qry, p} u }s~ru~~p, |ypt~p r{p,
{p y~stp tp~ ptyu |qr, ~ ~u t|s, } rustp t~~~ y r|u uqrp~yu} ~u u|~s sp~yx}p, p t~z {p{z-|yq ~ us»(1,
98) P ~u~y { Kyu{} y |rp
Npsyqy~p ruu~~ prut|yr. Ot~p{ {p{ u|u, {p{
utu|u~~p yu}p r{pxrp~yu
ptpu t~~~, r u} } }s|y quty ~p y}uu tq p}s Npsyqy~p, tp~ tq~ ~p}y
p}u~~z. Np ~p rxs|t, ~uruu~r yu} Npsyqy~p
rpxy| r ur uut r }, ~ p}pyrpu
|{ ty~ | tr yr|w~
~pp|; s |p, {pxp| q, r|~u qu{yr~s, |us{ uuzy ~p
tsz \ {pz~u qu{yr~z, psuyr~z | Pppt{p|yp,
{z wu ~u r ~yy utpry uqu
|qr y~pu, u} ~prru~~u urtr ~pt |qy}z wu~y~z y yp~r
~u~y { ~uz. Ip{, } |uty|y ~prru~~, p y~stp y yxyu{, syqu|
uu }upu|uz: Py{purp, Kyu{s,
Npsyqy~p, Pppt{p|yp, {p{ t rpypyz,
uu~~ s|q|y psyx} ~up~s
x~p~y. B ruu ~pus p}u~y qu x~pu~yu yqup |rp Dur{s yx uty|ry { «Hpy{p} yx t|»: «` u| rruy uut |y q|y{y, ryt~uu q{~ru~~s, ty~ yx pp{ur u{us ~utpr~us ru}u~y. ^ \ ty~ yx utpryu|uz uu
twyrpus {|u~y» (5, 99). M p}u|y xtu, yx {p{y uu{, uu}|u~~ r ru}u~y, {|ptrp| y
~py~p 30- ss., {p{ u y s|qwu
rry| r ~u} { stp} 60-} psyx} }yu~y y x~p~y. Npp| uyt p{yr~ tuzryz (p{rz r {z yyy r|u p 60- ss.), p wu uuwy|
}upu|? Ix su ~ urpy| r p~ysu, qru~~} yx~p~y, psuyr~z qu{yryx} quty| r ~u} ru
yu u }yxup~y y y|syy. B xp{|u~yu u| q tu|p t~ ut|wu~yu. 60-u st XIX r. tp|y ~p} ~rz y }p~yu{s su,
pr|u~~z ruu~~ yx y~ u pp{up, p~yt
Npsyqy~p y Pppt{p|yp. ^ suz,
wyryz yyx}}, yp~yu} {y pty
qus y~yp, quru~~s ytup|p. Twu ~u quyp~z
xupu|, ~ wyru rqt~, ~uxpryy} qu|r, }uu uups~ uux y{ru~~u qpu
({|pru px|yyu, yp|~u
sp~y, tpwu \ sp~y stprp). B |yyu t|~s }upu| ~ qu~ { ru}
} ~u r }up, p r
tuzryu|~z, up|~z wyx~y. K wu suz? K~u~, } utpr|u} uqu y p{z pp{uyy{u r|~u {~{u~ |y~ \ Qp}urp yx }p~p
Xu~ur{s «X tu|p?». O~ rpu r }
}p~u t ~pxrp~yu} «qu~~s u|ru{p»
uty «~r |tuz». Twu ru} ywtu~y
~ |ypu ry uturu~~y{r \ ~u «}p|u~{yz
u|ru{», p }{ qspuzus tr~{s tp, yxqpryz t| uq
y~yyp|~ y~z wyx~u~~z t{, ~u y}uyz ~yus qus wyx~
rus {|pp. Qp}ur wyru wyx~
p{up, {pxrpu } ~u{|{y} qut~} tu~p}, ut|pspu « ~rz y|yy (ru~, u
ytu Uuzuqpu) tu~sy ~p yxtp~yu
us y|{y y~u~yz. ^ uru~~p
up, |ypp Qp}urp ~py }upu|uz. Kp{ y Npsyqy~, Qp}ur \ y{. O~ sry uqu: «` ~u ~y {p|y ry~p, ~u y{pp { wu~y~u»(206).9. Ot~p{ t| Qp}urp
yyx} y}uu y~yyp|~ y~u x~pu~yu, u} t| Npsyqy~p. «M uqu} t| |tuz |~s ~p|pwtu~y wyx~, \ sry ~, \ } t|w~ ru wyx~
rytuu|rrp, } uqu}
s ~u t| tr|uru~y ry} |y~} p}, ~u t| uq |y~, p t| u|ru{p rqu, } sry} |{ y~y, p ~u yp~,
quwtu~y, p ~u |y~z
~ptq~y»(p} wu) D| Npsyqy~p yyx} x~ppu pqr uut qu|rp}y, t| Qp}urp \ xpqru~yu qru~~s «» r y}
p |tuz. Npsyqy~ ry~y}pu r wyx~ {p{
«}ur|u~yu |y», p Qp}ur p{yr~
xp~y}pu q{rp|~} «}ur|u~yu} |y»
\ y ~p srxt, ~u u qu|s |uqp, {r y . t. Py pr|u~yy Qp}urp Pppt{p|y} } ~u }wu} ~u xp}uy, qp ~y rqt~ r p~ru, ~
rz rqtu~ |y r ry }up, r ru}
{p{ urz tuzryu|~ rqtu~.
Qp}ur r ru ru} q| uty r|w{y q|p{r y |pry| xryu} «Ny{y{p L}r» \ sysp~,
q|ptpyz s}~z y|z. O~
rqt~ uupsyrpu {|pru, yp|~u sp~y, sp~y p~, r| r
Eru, r Ruru~z @}uy{u. I r
} }|u ~ ~u xpryy} ~y {p{y
qu|r. Xu~ur{yz x~p|, y}u~~ p{z }p~yu{yz y su }s q t|y~~} ytup|} r
utu|u~~u ru}. P} rurrpu|
«X tu|p?» }wu xr|y uqu y ~u{
y~y~, |yr r yp~yy tq~s yp: «Dp, }u~u y |ty, {p{ Qp}ur, u~ xpqpr~»(215) K }
wu rurrpu| x~pu, s|pxp ypu|
«~u p{ u~, q rytu p{y
|tuz <...>, ~y ~uryty}, y ryt |{ u~u y }u|u s|pxp»(214) Nu}~u~~, Qp}ur r ru} tu «u{p~z u|ru{»; y}u~~ r p{} }|u, r {} p}pyrp|
«u{p~ |tuz», }up ~y,
Dur{yz. ^ «ru |y |tuz, \ {p{ yu Xu~ur{yz, \
tryspu| tryspu|uz, | xu}|y». O~r~u {purp Qp}urp, { } sry|y ru, \ yyx} y wu|p~yu tp rus uq pty p
u|ruurp, \ , px}uu,
{purp ytup|~ u{p~s u|ru{p, {} }up|
Dur{yz. B ~pq{p Dur{s «Ryp|yx} y yyp~r» } ~pty} |rp, ~yu y { rz uu, }uu~~z
~p}y Qp}urp: «B u} xp{~ s ytup|p? Bxrpu~yu
r ~uutru~~, r }p, ~ rqt~u y tpwu ~u
r|u, ~u px}, ~u x~p~y, p
~uutru~~}, wp~ y|~}, ~uquty}}
u~y, wp~ » (20, 192). D| p{s ytup|~s u|ru{p, |y~y rpw~
«tys~ |~s }surp
x~p~y y pxryy, r|~u x~p ru \ y tp ru p}r|~ t| ru-» (p} wu). Dur{yz y Xu~ur{yz 60- ss. |y ~p yr|w~ r }~s} ytuz~ xyy. Su} ~u }u~uu ~u |utu xpqrp
y }, qp ~y \ -px~}! \ y{p|y ytup|~z qpx qtus. Qpx}|u~y {pwts yx ~y, px}uu, |utu p}pyrp r {~u{u y rurp. N t|
~p rpwu~ ~u |{ ux|p y y{r y ~pt{,
~ y p}u ~ppr|u~yu trywu~y y
}|y. |
P. Bu yp yx yxrutu~yz U.M. Dur{s yrt P|~. q. . r 30 .(L., Np{p, 1972-1990) B {q{p {pxrp } y p~y
2. Bu yp yx yxrutu~yz I.B. Cs| P|~. q. . [L.],1938. B {q{p {pxrp } y p~y.
3. Apy~ M. Pq|u} y{y Dur{s. M., 1972. .82
4. Apr R. C. Puut Cs| { Dur{} //R}u~p |yup~ y|uz. M., 1974. R.42
5. Htu utpr|u ~u |{ }u~}, ~ y u|uqpx~} yruy r{pxrp~yu B. `. Ky~p: «P|u {psy y Ryqyy, r u|u~u „Puuqs{yu ~rytu~y r yp y xu", Dur{yz ~rp r}y~pu Cs| \ y „Yy~u|", y „Hpy{y }putus", y xpqu~~ ty~{s y|p~yu{s, y|y u~y}u~p|~s, }upu|, y q}p~~z, p~pyu{yz }p~, qr|p{yrpyz wyx~ uru~z |y» (Kyy~ B. `. Dur{yz-tw~y{. M.. 1972. R. 69). K } uyt ~y pqp ~pt ru «Hpy{y yx t|».
6. Bu yp yx yxrutu~yz Rp|{rp-Zty~p M. E. yrt Rq. .: B 20- . M.. 1965. B {q{p {pxrp } y p~y.
7.
Au|y~{yz B.C. P|~. q.
. M., 1956. .11, .175
8. Wyp yx yxrutu~y «K ry~rp» @.I.Cuu~p yrt Rq. . r 30 . M., 1955. B {q{p {pxrp } y p~y
9. Wyp yx yxrutu~y «X tu|p?» N.C. Xu~ur{s yxtp~y L., 1975
B {q{p {pxrp p~y