「参勤交代」は、「徳川幕府」によって日本の「江戸時代」のほとんどの期間で実施された政策です。
“Sankin-kōtai
参勤交代
Regulation” was a policy of the “Tokugawa-bakufu 徳川幕府 Shogunate” during most of “Edo-jidai 江戸時代 Period” of Japanese history.
“Toyotomi
Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉” had earlier established a similar
practice of requiring his “Ryōshu 領主 Feudal lords” to
keep their wives and “Atotsugi 跡継 Heirs” at “Osaka-jō
大阪城
Castle” or the nearby vicinity as “Hitojichi 人質 Hostages” to ensure their loyalty.
Following
“Sekigahara-no-kassen 関ヶ原の合戦 the Battle of Sekigahara” and the
establishment of the “Tokugawa-bakufu 徳川幕府 Shogunate”, this
practice was continued at the new capital of “Edo 江戸” as a matter of custom.
“Bakufu
Shogunate” established “Sankin-kōtai 参勤交代 Regulation” in
1630s.
Aside
from an eight-year period under the rule of “Tokugawa Yoshimune 徳川吉宗”, the law remained in force until 1862 at “Bakumatsu 幕末 the Last days of shogunate”.
The
details changed throughout “Edo-jidai Period”, but generally, the requirement
was that “Daimyō” of every “Han 藩 Clan” move
periodically between “Edo” and his “Kunimoto 国元 Domain”, typically spending alternate years in each place.
“Sankin-kōtai Regulation” divided “Daimyō 大名
Feudal lords” into two groups and obliged them to alternate annually attendance
at “Edo-jō Castle” with each other.
When “Daimyō Feudal lords” returned to “Kunimoto
国元 Domain”, he must left his wife and “Atotsugi 跡継 Heir” as “Hitojichi 人質 Hostages” in Edo.
In
principle, “Sankin-kōtai Regulation” was also a military service system to
“Shōgun
Each
“Daimyō Feudal lords” was required to furnish a number of “Samurai
So they
needed to build majestic “Edo-yashiki
So, “Sankin-kōtai” is also called “Alternative
residence system”.
As peaceful days continued, “Daimyō-gyōretsu 大名行列 Parade” gradually had changed to events that show the authority of “Daimyō
Feudal lords”.
The
expenditures necessary to maintain lavish residences in both places, and for “Daimyō
Gyōretsu Parade” to and from “Edo”, placed financial strains on “Daimyō Feudal
lords”, making them unable to store money for war.
“Sankin-kōtai”
was figured prominently in “Ukiyo-e 浮世絵 Woodblock prints”,
as well as in popular theater such as “Kabuki 歌舞伎” and “Bunraku 文楽”.
「日本橋」を起点に江戸と各地を結ぶ幹線道路として「五街道」(東海道、中山道、日光街道、奥州街道、甲州街道)が整備されました。
“Go-Kaidō
五街道 Five Highways” (Tokai-dō, Nakasen-dō, Nikko-Kaidō, Oshū-Kaidō, Koshū-Kaidō)
have been developed as a main road connecting Edo and each area starting from “Nihom-bashi
日本橋 Bridge”.
The
frequent travel of “Daimyō Feudal lord” encouraged road building and the
construction of inns and facilities along the routes, generating economic
activity.
“Samurai
侍” accompanied “Daimyō” on “Daimyō-gyōretsu Parade” to and from Edo.
The main
routes to the provinces were “Kaidō 街道 Highway.
“Honjin 本陣 Special lodgings” were available to “Daimyō feudal lord” during
their travels.
「幕府」は、「五街道」の出入り口に「江戸四宿」を整備しました。
“Bakufu Shogunate”
developed “Edo-Shishuku 江戸四宿 Four Stations”
at the gateway of “Go-Kaidō Highways”.
「江戸四宿」は、「千住(日光・奥州街道)」、「板橋(中山道)」、「内藤新宿(甲州街道)」、「品川(東海道)」です。
“Edo-Shishuku
Four Stations” are Senju 千住 (Nikkō-kaidō , Oshū-kaidō
Highway), Itabashi 板橋 (Nakasen-do Highway), Naitō-Shinjuku 内藤新宿 (Kōshū-kaidō Highway), and Shinagawa 品川 (Tōkai-dō
Highway).
幕府から大名へ江戸に複数の屋敷用地が与えられました。
“Bakufu 幕府 Shogunate” gave the several residence sites to “Daimyō”.
“Daimyō”
and his family lived in the “Kami-yashiki 上屋敷 Main (Upper)
Residence (Mansion)”, and the political organization was placed.
Because “Daimyō”
had to often go to “Edo-jō Castle” during his stay in “Edo”, it was usually
built closest to “Edo-jō Castle”.
Retired “Daimyo”
and grown “Atotsugi 跡継 Heirs” lived in the “Naka-yashiki 中屋敷 Second (Middle) Residence”, and “Samurai 侍 soldier” who came from territory with his “Daimyo” also lived in
“Naka-yashiki”.
There
were also cases that had the storehouse for supplies received from “Kunimoto Fief”,
a garden for pleasure, and a vegetable garden.