Lyup~-}u}yp|~z
}xuz U.M. Dur{s
Ayq|yu{p @|}p~pp «Dur{yz y
}yrp {|p» Ky~yp S. @~|sy y y{p rurp Dur{s. Rq~y{ puz.
Puty|ryu B.S~y}p~rp. Rp~{-Puuqs:
Ruuq~z ru{, 2005 — 208 . U.M. Dur{yz y ~{p |yupp t y
|u rz }yrz rz~ - «Y{|p
Dur{s»: ypu|y Q. Ryy~p, S. Sp{tp y _. Vp~y - B `~yy Dur{yz {p{ ypu| q| s|q{
x~p~ y~u||ysu~p}y y |yupp}y {p{ px uut rz }yrz rz~z, xp
10 |u t uu rx~y{~ru~y. B uu
}yrp~y yp|~z yu} ~{s }y|ypyx}p y p|ypyx}p
stpru~~p r|p xpup|p rqt |rp y p~ypryu|ru~~
|yyu{ tuu|~. D s
ru}u~y yp|yyu{p y }p{y{p ytu|sy xprpy|p x~p~yu
q|y~rp ~{y ru|yr y~u||ysu~r y |yupr, ~u xp{rpry
s|pxp ~p {|pru {~}yu{u y yp|~u ~upru~r. B p~y
}p{yx} yr|u{p| y qu~~z y|z. Ixru~z u~z r q|py
|yyu{z }|y r `~yy Mp}p Mpp (M. Mp}p) r ru ru} }uy|,
y}yrp~~z r `~y }p{yx} ~u |y{} q| ~psx{, r}up
r uqu t~} y s|pr~ |u}u~p, ptyy~~ t| ru}u~~z uruz{z
}|y, pry ut|{z wtu~y }p{yx}p, p y}u~~ |sy{ py~p|yx}p
~rs ru}u~y, yyp~{ ru y t ~p~s {uy}u~p.
Tu~z Mp}p, rytur r p{z ~psx{u psuty y ~upu ~{s
}p{yx}p, {pxp|:
«B ~puz p~u, ~u y}uruz yyp~{z ptyyy, }p{yx} ruru
{pxp| ~p}, ytu ~u r|u qu{} |y {pqy~u~s yxu~y, p
~pq qu{}, ~uutru~~ rxp~~} u|ru{}, us qru~~
uut qur}. Sp{} ~y}p~y ytuy }p{yx} y| ~p r }ppqu rus
~{s qurp».[i]
Ip{, { 1933 st ~u}p| y~u||ysu~r yp|y y}py { tuu|~y
{}}~yyu{z pyy. Rruru~~, stpru~~p r|p y~y}p|p
uuyr~u }u. `~{p |yuz{p r|p p{yryxyrp|p
r pq. P|utrp|y qy, .u., pz~u sp~yxpyy, t|~p
tuu|~ pyy, y~, pu, {p y .t. Rypy, ~p}y~p|p
~y{|pur{yz uwy} r Qyy 19 ru{p y tu| upurur. B urp|u 1933 s. r ux|pu xru{z {y r
|yuz{z py syq |up{yz ypu| Kqpy Sp{ytxy (S. Kqpy). B
y~u s wu stp tru yx s|pr~ {rtyu|uz {}pyy xpry|y tu yx pyy. B urp|u 1934 s. t tpr|u~yu}
r|py q| pu~ Rx ~{y |up{y ypu|uz. V r `~yy ~u
q| Ryqyy, r y{} {s y~u||ysu~r ~pq|tp|y r|u~y
y|syu{s ~pt|}p y {yxyp pptp |y~y. Kp{
px r ru} r ~rpu 1934 s. q|p uurutu~p y yxtp~p {~ysp L. Yurp
gDur{yz y Nyuh t xps|pryu} gUy|y psutyyh. I~uupy Yur} y|syy t|~s
u|ru{p rxrp|p y|~u xryu y|syu{z ypyuz r utu
y~u||ysu~r, uuwyrpy, p{ ~pxrpu}z, guuwtu~yu quwtu~yzh.
Bx~y{|p ty{y r{s y~uupyy Yurp y y}u~u~yy uu { ~{z
tuzryu|~y. Rp|y |~}y rpwu~y gr|~u~y y ursy Yurph y
gu~}u~ Yurph. Ppr|u~~z Yur} uux~z {xyu~yp|~z r,
{p{ wy u|ru{ |u uy ~ptuwt, |u
{pp quwtu~yz y ytup|p, y|~ r|~rp| y~u||ysu~r. B wu ru} p|
|~} qpx Dur{s, uuwyrus p{ ~pxrpu}u guuwtu~yu
quwtu~yz. Kp{ yxru~, Yur y~y}p| xpy{y t|~s u|ru{p xp
}~|syu{u {ru~yu p}s Dur{s |u Ryqyy. Bqu Yurp
rrp| y~uu { rp} y{y. D| ~us }uwt u~pwu} y pr}
~u q| px~y.
M|tz |yup~z {yy{ Kqpy Vyt (V. Kqpy) }uy|
{pxyyu{ yy{ Yurp, y yx~prp| p{p|~
utpr|u~~s Yur} rp. O~ qppu r~y}p~yu ~p { { ru{s
x~p~y ypu|. D| ~us q|uu q|yx{y} y prut|yr} q| rxs|t
p~x{s ypu| @. Gytp. Lu{yy Gytp r Ppywu (1921 s.) r 100-|u~
stry~ t~ wtu~y Dur{s q|y wu yxru~ r `~yy
q|y{rp~~} r 1930 s. uurt. P Gyt, ytuy Dur{s r us
yxrutu~y ~y{stp ~u rp r ~uuupqp~~} rytu, p |{ r
~yy ~{y~p|~z xpryy}y u~pwuz, yx|pspy y. Gyt tu{~| Dur{s
~yu|~ ytuz }}u~} wyx~y u~pwuz, p{} y|y rutu~yu}
u~pwuz, yxrpy} ytuy y|y yxrp~~} ytu}y. I|x p{z rxs|t Gytp ~p Dur{s,
{yy{ V. Kqpy r ruz pu
gSuy s-}p~p (Bpp{y y ~)h(1935), p}pyrp ~yu Gytp
gys }p~ph, }uy|: gr |pqpyy p}x~p~yh Gytp gpqz p|
~ru {yu }| t| uuruyrp~y ~yu|~s {|yurp
y~tyrytp|~y y quru~~yh.[ii]
A|z y~uu {yy{p { Dur{} yru| us { xtp~y
x~pyu|~ pq qyspyy Dur{s y }~spyy ruru
ypu| ~p ~ru }puyp|r yx p~x{s y~y{p (~ q| ~u y},
p uyp|y} p~x{z |yupu). Es pq r||y tt} { Dur{}
{y xu~y ~u~y ytuz y wyx~y, ru{s x~p~y y y{y ypu|. B}uu Kqpy
ry| ypu| F{}y Qyyy (Q. F{y) p{p} gO y} }p~uh y
rxs|py| ~uqty} xtp gyz }p~h u| qpwu~y
gurw~s tp-p}x~p~yh |u ypyy gr|~u~y y ursy Yurph. Rp} u}y~, px}uu, q|
xpy}rrp~ Gytp yx }p~p gUp|yr}~uy{yh. Py
qwtu~yy uyy gys
}p~ph ypu| yru| {p{ qpxu }p~ Dur{s gPu|u~yu y
~p{pxp~yuh. F{}y, ypu| }tu~y{s }p|yyu{s ~ppr|u~y,
yryz ptyyy ~{s ~pp|yyu{s up|yx}p gruy
uquh y |up{z, }p{y{z |yupu, ~pu| r pxrp~~} x~p~yy
uuwyry gu~}u~ Yurph rx}w~u |u xtp~y ~rs yp }p~p −
gyz }p~h, stu ru}sur prp q| wu u~ y, |rp}
F{}y, gq px~ pu{r u~pwuz, pry r xp}|u prp,
|utu ~y {z xu~y prp. Pu s pxrurp~y r
ux|pu pr|u ytu prph.[iii] B
wu ru} t} p{z pp{uyy{z wytpu}s ~rs }p~p ~ ut|wy|
p~r{ q|u} gurus |yph y xtp~yy }p~p. B |yup~}
{s yty|p ty{y r{s rp, p{u guruu |yh. Ruty
px~ }~u~yz }|tz Kprpqpp `~py (` Kprpqpp), qtyz |pup
Nqu|ur{z u}yy, pry|~ }uy|, qx~ppu g{ xu~y
twuru~~s rytu~y prph.
Suu, {stp } ypu} p{p I{}y r ruu ru}u~~s
turutu~y ~pq|tu~y y p~p|yx y{y Dur{s, r p~y pq
Apy~p, D. Lypurp y .t., ~u u~ t~ ~ us }|. H~py,
F{}y y~yyr~ xu| ~ y{y Dur{s y u}y|
y}u~y uu { ruz ru{z pqu. Su} ~u }u~uu ~us q| q|z ~utp{. O~ p}
q| tp|u{ uuwyrp~y gr|~u~yz y urs Yurph, . u. wt r~u~~u}
{~|y{ }uwt ytu}y y wyx~. R|utrpu|~, ru{y us }ut|syu{}
yu{} x~p~y, us {p r ru{z pqu ~u tp|p y ~u
y~u|p ~y{p{y x~pyu|~ |tr.
P|u rz }yrz rz~ r ux|pu {u~y ~{s }y|ypyx}p
y p|ypyx}p, r ~yy qp~{rp ruz yu} stprp, r y~p
ruz p~ ty|p ~rp |yupp. Pypu|y, ryryu r |yup~z }y
|u rz~, y ru s|q{ uuwyrp|y r ru} rz~ r
{xyu~yp|~ ypy: { ~p ~u y|y r ru~~} |psuu, { r
pup~{z {p}uu y|y r }u, { t ~ptx} |yuz{z r|py.
O~y y rqtu |rp |u rz~ rx|y xp qpwu~yu qru~~
r~u~~y wu| uuwyrp~yz rus ru}u~y. D| ~y rur
Dur{s p| {rtr}, xu{p|}, pwpy} }{ p}x~p~y. O~y
~p|y y|y r }p~u gAuh tqyu rus p r t|u, y|y r }|y
Kyy||rp, Irp~p Kpp}pxrp tqyu rus uuwyrp~y {xyu~yp|~z
p}qyrp|u~~y, }upyxyu{s q~p yr tq y rqt ~y. Mw~
{pxp, s|pr~u ypu|y `~yy |u rz~ ~pty|y q|uu y|y }u~uu t
r|y~yu} ytuz y rurp Dur{s. 2 B }yu |uru~~z ~{z |yup q|
xp}u~ r|u~yu qpxrp~y s «{|p Dur{s». Sp{ ~py}u~rp|
s ypu|uz, r } y|u uq t} ypu|}y Q. Ryy~p (1911-1973) y
S. Sp{tp(1912-1976), ypu| _. Vp~y(1910-1997). ^y ypu|y – z{p
yp {~}y ypu|}y, utpr|y}y uru {|u~yu |uru~~z
~{z |yup. T ~y r ruru ~pq|tp s}~u rpwu~yu {
Dur{} y s|q{u r|y~yu ~p uq {s ru|y{s ypu| r |p~p
y|y yu{y, y|y p~y|{y, y|y {}|syu{y, y|y u|ysyx~
q|u}.
Ruty y ypu|uz – z{y r ur uut qpy} r~y}p~yu ~p
ypu| Ryy~p Qy~tx (Q. Ryy~p), {s r ru ru} xrp|y g~{y}
Dur{y}h. O~ ywtu~y yx yp|~ ~yxr. Ou q| |yuz{y}.
Ix-xp u}uz~s pxtp r turu y uru ~us q|p ~u|us{p wyx~.
Es }p trp pxp {p|p ~p p}qyzr. B ~y ~ pqp|
wu|ux~tw~y{}. Tprrp| p{yr~ r x~z tuu|~y. B y|u 1931
s., {stp u} q| 20 |u, p| |u~} {}pyy `~yy. Xuux trp }up r
u~qu ~ wu q| purp~ y wtu~ ~p 4 stp |yu~y rqt. I r
utrpyu|~} xp{|u~yy ~ trusp| {p} r uu} |yuz{}
tu|u~y. B y~u |utus 1933 s. ~ ~pyp| r|p} u~yu xpr|u~yu}
uuru r ry quwtu~y y q| u~ yx }. Prt} t| s {p, ru~, |wy|y
wu }~u xru{u qyzr |up{s ypu| Sp{ytxy Kqpy (r
urp|u) y xpr|u~yu tr {rtyu|uz {}pyy guuru r quwtu~yh
(r y~u), u} rytuu|r |utyu us |rp: «B }u r ru} utrpyu|~s xp{|u~y }u~ {yrp| t~
qyu. Ot~y} |r}, xpty| }u~ }~u~yu r |qry ~u |{ {
rpyp}, ~ y { ru} |upy}, r ~y, }~u~yu r |qry { u|ru{.
B } }~u~yy u| uq y tp|u yx}u~y| ru} {|p. ` rty|
qux~ptuw~u t~y r ty~~z {p}uu. B ru} uty |pz~ uutp~~ {~ys
q| yxrutu~yu Nyu, {u uu{|y| }u qux~ptuw~u ~yu r
tsu ~ppr|u~yu». [iv] P|u
rtp yx } |ryu} {y y|~u~y ysrp ~ yp| t
uurutu~~ ~p ~{yz x{ yxrutu~yz Nyu, xpu} {~ysy prr
gy|yy wyx~yh, .u., Dy|uz, Aus~, Ku{us, Hy}}}u|, `u,
Vpztussu y . t. I t {~u ~ ruy| Dur{y}. Purp rup
Ryy~p yxrutu~yu} Dur{s – gAuh. P us r{pxrp~y,
«Dur{yz ~py| }u~ }, tpwu xps~p~~z r y{ u|ru{ }wu xp{yp».[v]
B|utryu ruy Dur{y} ~ uy| rp r |yup~z }y. B 1934 –
1935 s., {stp uty q|yyr y |yupr pxrurp|p ty{y
r{s gr|~u~yz y urs Yurph, gu~}u~p Yurph y r{s rp,
p{u guruu |yh, r ~y {ppy ~y}p~y rurp
Dur{s, qtyz |uru~~z ypu| Ryy~p p{{}|yrp| r uqu
u~yp|, q s|q{ ~ ru|y{s {s ypu| y r|xrp
ry} ~y}p~yu} ~p p{y{u r qru~~} ruru. Ryy~p
~pp| q|y{rp ry yxrutu~y 1941 s. E} q| 30 |u. B 1942 s. ~
~pyp| p y{u Dur{s t ~pxrp~yu} gKp{u p}u~yu
{ rurp Dur{sh. O~ {pxrpu, t~ yx rzr
{ rurp Dur{s y r {u, pr|u~~z yx
qyz {p{ u{, stp {p{ r q~ qr }p~p {p pr|u
yx qyz {p{ |y~yz. T Dur{s r ~ru { u |{ tu|~u
qy, y r uu {~u~pyy y qyz t~ru}u~~ rty
y|utrp~yu pr{y wur, ~uxpryy} qyz. Dp|u ~py~pu
pr{p pqp {u. D| Dur{s wu x~ppu p}s
u~pwp }p~p. I~pu sr, ytu wup } u~yyyu. Pu~pw
Dur{s rpu |yuru~yu} wyx~y ytuy r }u wyx~y |y~y.
Kstp qy rzt r wu, ~y p yqup }p~yu{yu wyx~y y
~{yy pxrurp~y r -. Np tp~~} pu qy y wu uu ~u
rxp~ y ~ppr|u~yu pxrurp~y ~ur~~ tpwu pr. Cu~yp|~
Dur{s r|u y}u~~ r up~yy wup (y|y u~pwp) y qyz.
O~, s|q| r u|ruu{ yy{, pu ~uur~ y|y yy~~
wup (u~pwp) y qyz. Dsu
rzr { Dur{s Ryy~p ryty r urrp~yy }~wurp
q|y y ~uq|y wur r t~} yxrutu~yy. Arpu |{ wur,
{|{ u~pwuz, y x~py} y xpryy |wu~y u~pwuz. Sp{ {p{
uty s wur r rxpy}~u~y, Dur{yz y|wy| q|yu
y|y { u~z rxy }uwt wup}y y pp| {~|yrp y t ruqy} q|y} wu}.[vi] Sp{u
~pq|tu~yu ~pt y{z Dur{s pxy| ~p qru~~} ruru
Ryy~p. O~ qrp| ~pyp ru t~z pq|z tr} yu}p}y: t~ −
~pp|yyu{y} yu}}, us |rp}, {z yx qyz {p{ |y~yy
(gXu~z {p~p|h), ts − }~wuru~~}y {p}y {pwts u~pwp
(gPy{p s|q{z ~h). B r} yxrutu~yy ~ xtp| rz ~rz
y|, u{yr~ |x |y~yu} r~u~~us }~|sp y
~uqru~~-}z uy. ^z ru ~ tuqyrp| r |yupu. B
ruru Dur{s us q|u ru yr|u{p| t|~z u|ru{,
Rprsy~ y Kyy||r. B prqyspyu{z ruy (gHp tp| rqth) suz,
xp{|u~~z r ty~~z {p}uu, {yrpu r xq~z q|y ~p|pwtu~yu. Cuz
sry: gKstp r|u{p| xq~z q| y ~p|pwtu~yu} r~y, rrrp|
pt, wyrh.[vii]
Dsz suz (ru gBuph) sry: g I}u~~ r } xp{|pu yy~p
~up, } r |yyu pu~yz y}uu} x~p~yu. B{u x~p~yu,
q| q x~p~yu p, ~u }wu yxquwp up{p ~up. Su} ~u
}u~uu p{u ~upu ~y{stp ~u q| pq|~}, ~u }s| pxy y t
{~p pxy u|ru{p. H~p~yu s p{p q| t| }u~ q|psz ru. B
u} }s q tpwu |q{z p{y}y ~upu} y ~utpuz, }
~pu| q|psruu~yuh.[viii] Kp{ ryt~ r |ut~u} ppwu, suy s
~{s Dur{s {p{ q~ rr r ru} {xyu~yp|~} y{u
r~u~~ y|, xr| ut|urp r t~ ypy, y |q{z
~p|pwtp qu{yr~z rqtz. Ryy~p r p~y yyu u~
pxsrp Rprsy~p Kyy||r} {p{ t~ yx x~pyu|~ u~ t| us ytuz.
Sp} Rprsy~ pyrpu Kyy||rp, rts {rus, gru h: g@
{ s|t }u, p { qyty y quuy tur{ – ?h Kyy||r rupu: gBu , ru.
Bu} u} , { x~pu, ru h. Dp|u Ryy~p }upu |utyu
|rp Kyy||rp: gO~y ~u y, } ~u x~p, ~y y. Kstp
x~p, ~u qt ~py|rp tur{h.(10, 189) [ix] Ryy~p }upu Kyy||rp yruyu }uwt
pxz gru h y pxz g{stp x~p, ~u qt ~py|rph y pu xp
y} yruyu} urrp~yu {p{s- rup, {z tpy u} rr
rqt. O~ ~pxrp| u~yu gru xp yruyu}h, {u yq|ywpu
puyp Kyy||rp { ruu r Asp.[x] B }
}|u Ryy~p ytpu q|u x~pu~yu u|y{u Rprsy~p, qpu~~z {
Kyy||r: gA q xp{|pt, {stp yt, r wu r qsp
ruuuh.(10, 189) Ryy~p r ry
yxrutu~y qpxy| px~u rpyp~ s u~y. O~ {uy| r 1950 st r up~{z
u{ry r S{y y p| yyp~y~}. Es s|pr~u u} rurp pxryrp|y r
y{p ru r qsp ~p ~ru p}qyrp|u~~s x~p~y puyx}p y ru,
ty{rp~~s u~pwp}y Dur{s. I us yu{yz y~uu {
wu~} |wu~y ru|y{s {s ypu| xr|y| u} xtp rur
ytuz~s |y~yu{s tp}pyx}p ~p ~u }puyp|r ~pp|yyu{s pp{up.
3 Suu uuztv} ~p
tss ypu| Sp{tp Spztx~ (S. Sp{tp). E|y Ryy~ yr|u{p|y {xyu~yp|~u
y u|ysyx~u |u}u~ y ytuz~p wu~p {p rur Dur{s,
Sp{tp y~uurp| q|u}p}y ypu|{s «`», .u, ru{s x~p~y
ypu| r ruru Dur{s.
Kstp pxsu|p ty{y r{s u} «u~}u~ Yurp», «yz
}p~» y «s-}p~» r 1934-1935 ss. r
|yup~ - q|yyyu{y {sp, p pr| Dur{y},
Sp{tp, p{ wu {p{ Ryy~p, uv ~u q| uy~p|~} ypu|u}. O~ q|
}|t} uyp|y} ru}u~~z {ypz{z |yup y xp~y}p| uurtp}y.
B 1937 s. q| u{yrp~ r p}y r Kypz tr} |tp}. B 1939 q|
tu}qy|yxrp~. Hp~y}p| ru{z, q|yy{z y uurt~z pqp}y ~p
u} {ypz{z {|. Buy| pwu~yu ~{s }y|ypyx}p r Kypu r
Yp~pu uurty{} ~{s yxtpu|rp - psp~ty{s sp~p. P|u rxrpu~y r `~y r pu|u 1996 s.
~ ~pp| q|y{rp t x~pyu|~ yxrutu~yz - ruuz: «Rt»(1947),
«Ru{u»(1947), «Pwtu~y uyt~y»(1948) y . t. B urz y uuz ru
s|pr~z u}z r| y|sy «qyzrp t| qyzrp» y q|u}p x~p~y
ry~, {u ~p}y~p ~p} u}py{ «Pu|u~y y ~p{pxp~y». B ruy
«Rt» pr-rurrpu| x~p{}y ypu|}y t~s ~{s
«~up~s» p~ – qrus |tpp r Kypu |u rz~. P|u
tu}qy|yxpyy r Kypu y uut {||u{yr~} rxrpu~yu} yx {|~yy Yp~p ~p
ty~ suz Dxy rts }u~u ~p}uu~yu t}z y {rpu, {r
rurrpu| «» r y}u ru u|u~yu – trpxru |y~yu qyzrp
{ypz{y ~ury~~ {u~ qux qru~~z }yryr{y, |{ yx u~y
qyzrp t| qyzrp. O~ p~p|yxyu r
y|sy |ut~us }}u~p {p p{: «` x~p|, ru xpryy |{ }us y}|p
utp. E|y u{p, ~yus ~u |y. E|y {{, ~u p~u
uw~y} hh. Ry |{ tp ruz r|u ut|u qpu, ru uy. `
q| q|px~u~ rqpwu~yu}, p~ q ~u uw~y} hh» (2,19)11 Sp{y}
qpx} ~ r|~y| rur|u y ruy| ru qyzr. P| stp |p t
{~p rz~, {p ~ ~y{u} ~u q| qry~u} y ~y{} ~u q| { ru
qyzr us. N ~py| ru}, {stp ~ t|wu~ q ~p{pxp~. O~, r}y~p
{pz~uz }uu trpxru |y~yu qyzrp, qry~u uq, }|, «
u~y{, t|w~z trus~ wtu~y»(2-20). N ~ tyr|u }
~ p} {z~z, p{ {p{ ~ x~pu, ~y{} {p r ry~p. «Pq|u}p
|{ r~y uq»(2, 20) - ~ yx~pu – «Nu r{pxp| q, ru p{ ~yus.
N y| r~y uq p~~z r yr {~y»(2, 21) O~ {rpu rv ruz
~uruu Rtx{. «hPuup~!h O~p {yp|p up|~} s|}. O~p q| p{
wp|{p, {p{ {q|u~~p tur{p, wu{ qpu~~p }p|u~{p tur{p»(2-23).
^p u~p px ~p}y~pu ypu|} tq~ u~, {stp Qp{|~y{r
yx~p| R~u ru u|u~yu: «~p ty|p ~us { u~u, rpryr
ruut {, ruu~~ tu{y} ys} r |yu, -r- {p{ }p|u~{yu
tuy, <c..> ».(6, 315) Cuz ruy Dxy, rytur y|~
{yrp~~ ~uru, u{pu ~uu. O~, ~u }~urpu r uu |qry,
~ t}pu ~p wu ~u qtu uw~uz ~uruz t rup~us t~. «O~p wu
~u{p }utup, tp xp q|~} ~ut|sz wyx~y y|y tqu~{p }p,
xpypp ~p |z upyuz».
O~ ppu ~uruz. «R up| uy ~uru x~p|,
uq wtp| u{u x~p~yu ry~. Rx~p~yu ry~, u|utuu }u~
x~p~yu ry~ – }~u {pxp| – y}u~~ r|u uty~ru~~} pu~yu} t|
}u~» `~{} ypu|
Sp{tp q|p wtp yyp~{p ytu pu~y y r{uu~y }y|y |qry.
O~ rqypu p r Kypu ~p }uu ry u|u~yz y }y. Su}p
qyzrp qux qru~~z }yryr{y t|wpu y r ruy «Pwtu~y
uyt~y», ~pxrp~yu {s q| rx yx Erp~su|y «L{y 3-7». Cuz ruy,
xp~y}pyz ~pyp|~z pqz t| ~ur x~p~yu} {ypz{s x{p
|u rz~ r qruz {|~yy Yp~pu, r wu ru} r|y} rurrpu|u}
urs |yp «», rr|u{pu r qyu r rxy {|yu~{z, {p
~pty r |w~} ~u~yy }uwt q|~} }wu} y sq} }wy~z,
~py|rpry} uv. B ux|pu «» {p| ~p qyzr }wy~ },
r}y~p Qp{|~y{rp. O~ yx~pu: «T }u~ ~u q| {u{p ytu, {p{p
Qp{|~y{rp, q| |{ {pz~uz }uu tu{yz r. Sp{wu ~u q| ~y
pu|~s |p~p, ~y {z~z tsr{y, {p{yu ~us. Puwtu rus
rrp|p p{p s|qy~p. Bu q| |y{} r xpryy}y tsy,
|pz~y ~p }uu. <c.> ` xp~y}p ~pyp|~z pqz. P qu
pr| t{}u~ y xppqprp. T }u~ rustp ~u uvx~y. Rqy
rustp y~pt|uwp tsy}. ` ~u suz, ~ywu ruu~~s u~pwp.
Putpr| uqu p{ ypy, rr, utp pqp, qyzr,
tp|u }u~ tp|u{, }u~ s|pxp {wp, qu xp ~uu y |pq|
~sy»(2, 91) Bu-p{y u} tp| pz{} rx
yx {~y xz{y, y|~y| |p~ qyzrp }wy~. N r |ut~yz }}u~
}uu|~ p~ }wy~u y~u ~u us , p tsz ~w ~pu}~s qyz.
X qty| us ~p { qyzrp? O~ ~u u| |{ «q ~|u} r t
qy». O~ yu: «` tyry|, p} ~pu| uq u|ru{}, ypy}
q «~|u}»»(2, 88). B ~rpu 1948 s. r
S{y |y| {yrp~~u u|u~yu. Pu~y{–}wy~p |u 50,
yryryz p~yp~} y~{}, uy| ty~ y|yp| {~s qp~{p y
t ut|s} ~z ~uqty}y y~ |u{pr yr xppxyu|~z
q|ux~y, xppry| |wpy ry yp~yz {p|yz y qy| 12 u|ru{
(~pyz u~y{ t y ~u yxruu~). P rt s qy Sp{tp
p}pyrpu r u «Aurru~~p {~{p»(1948), pr~yrp u|u~yu}
Qp{|~y{rp y tu{yrpu ryu ~z }yryr{y, quxpx|y~ y
qurru~~ qyzrp. Es q|u}py{p xp{|pu r },
ru}u~~u qyzr tp|u{ u| qyzrp Qp{|~y{rp « y|{y}
prtp~yu}» y ru, y rutu {p{ qt ~pwpyu} {~{y qurru~~,
quru~. O~ ututy| rx}w~u pp~u~yu r }yu p{s yp
qyzrp - }pru ~ywu~yu }up~yu{y} utr}, {pwu}, ~pwpyu}
{~{y. B tsz ruy
«@~u}y|~u pu~yu»(1952) suz r{pxrpu: «B ru}u~~u ru}
rx}w~ ruy }pru ~ywu~yu, |{ tprp |t} y pz{}
pru~~z r rt {p|y yp~ys {p|y y|y ~pwpr {~{ u~yu{y
wyy {uz~z p{z r {u. @ Qp{|~y{r yx «Pu|u~yz y ~p{pxp~yz»
|}p| uqu s|r t~u} y ~, uy p~ t~z |sy{z uwtu
qyzrp t~z p|~z py. O~ tpwu {| |y{y} }, {stp
p{p|rp| s|r py. Suu ~ utpr|u qz p}t~s qyzp.
B ~~u~yu ru}u~p ~u~yu qyz y qys p| ~u~. Pu~y{ y
ptpryz wu ~u yr |y} { |y. <....> ^ r|utryu
s, rqu ~u~yu u|ru{p { u|ru{ p| u~ t~ pxqp.
O~u~yu qyrus y qys p~ry {pz~u |w~} y ~u~}. T {s
p| wurz y {u} wurrp|, r u} rxpy}~ ~u pxqypu}».(4, 182-183) Sp{y} qpx} Sp{tp,
pr| rxs|tp ~p }yryr{ u|u~y Qp{|~y{rp y pr|
ru}u~~z rpyp~ quxpx|y~s qyzrp ~y}, qpp| r~y}p~yu ~p
q|u} ru{s «`» ypu|, y~y}pus |w~ ypy ru}u~~s
}yp. B } |p~u t| ~us p}} ytup|~} qpx} q| rur U. M.
Dur{s. B ~{z |yup~z ptyyy t rz~, {p{ } p}u|y r
urz s|pru ~puz py, q| pr|u~, {p{ p{p|~p q|u}p,
ut|u~yu yu}p ~pp|yyu{s «^s-}p~p», utyrpus
r~y}p~yu |{ ~p x{yz {s ruz wyx~y y ~u }uus yxqpwp pxrp~~s
x~p~y y~u||ysu~yy |u p{ ~pxrpu}s «Uu~}u~ Yurp», «B|~u~y y
urs Yurp». Py ty{y } rt p }y~p|y pp{uu
rurp Dur{s, s}~z r}uy}y y y{} typpx~u ru{s
g`h ypu|, ptprus {~|y{p}y }uwt wyx~ y ru{z pqz, {p{
~utyspu}} ytup|~} r~u rurp y |y~y tw~y{p. P|u pwu~y
~{s }y|ypyx}p, ru~pt~s uuwyrp~y uu|}p ~ptp r ru
q|p wyx~y, ypy ru{s g`h ypu| ru} yx}u~y|p. Oq z
q|u}u Sp{tp, r p~y, x~pu|~ ~ut~{p~ px}|| y
p{pxrp| r tp u: «B ru ru} }u~, {p{ ypu| ur~pp|~z tyy, q|p
rx}w~ tu|p tr|~ }~s pq |{ p~r{z y truwtu~yu}
rs g`h. Hpu} |utrp| ru~pt~u pwu~yu. ^y rxr y uur
ruy|y }~u p~} ru{p~yu} u, uru g`h. Oqpx xyyy y x
~ur q|y ~pup|u~ uut }y} s|pxp}, {p{ qt q~pwu~~u u|p ~p
ruu~~z |pt{u. O~y rxrp|y }u~ rpu~yu, r wu ru} |u~y|y
}u~. ` r|u{p| z sz {rz r~ y xptp|»(«Pypu| y
yxrutu~y», 1951) (16, 185) Bu~pt~u pwu~yu
tp| ypu| Sp{tp ~rz ~pyz ypu|{yz p. P us |rp}:
«S|{ |u Ppwu~y p| yp ruy rtu ~py twuru~~
yxrutu~yz». B wu ru} ~ sry: «t| |uru~~ ypu|uz urp
xpt~yu|~p q|u}p r }, g`h ~u q| utu|u~~} y
~~}, p u}- {pz~u ~u ywy}}. g`h r|u ~u p}u|~}, p
pr|u~~} r |w~} {s qurp, y|y rqu~~} r ~
yt»(«O |yupu», 1967)(16, 209) Py p{z q|u}py{u
Sp{tu {yz ypu| Dur{yz {pxp| {rty} us su~yp|~}
ypu|u}. O~ u}y| pxqp r ruz rx}w~y ru{s g`h r
ruu tywu~yz ru|y{s {s ypu|: «E|y {pxp| q, g yrutrp|
u~ r rut~ur~ wyx~ y xpyp|h, rv-p{y y g`h,
grut~ur~h, gu~h ~u ur ru} tu|~ s}~s
ry tuzryu|~s qurp. P{|{ g`h - xpspt~u ur,
urpu rx}w~ ~~s yx}u~u~y, p{p gu~h ptpu
quy|u~~} pr~tyu} y ts}pyx}}. Dprpzu }y}, ~p y}u,
g`h Dur{s. Ny{ ~u }~urpu r u~y g`h Dur{s. Su} ~u
}u~uu, t| s q ty|y u qpur }p~p «Ap Kpp}pxr» y y
u, us g`h t|w~ q|, ~p{p|y t u}up, p|pr|uz tpwu
wu|ux, {p t p}z ~yx{z u}up, xp}pwyrpuz y
pp|yxuz utu {ppus. g`h Dur{s ~u q| yup~ ~y yxqpwu~yu}
|pt~{r~s Irp~p, ~y p~s wyr~s D}yy, ~y ruus r qsp
@|uy. Nu |~ q| yup~ tpwu yxqpwu~yu} p{s w{s
R}ut{rp. K } wu us g`h
t|w~ q| ruy xp ru u qy p{s |w~s qyzrp. Kstp
} ~pp|y yp «Kpp}pxr», px rrty} r s|qy~ p y ptp ~s
g`h Dur{s. Sp{ rr|u{pu} r |y{} s|q{u, y{u us g`h, y
qrpu} pxqp~ y qrpu} pxt, tpwu xpqrpu} p{,
r } ru|y{} yxrutu~yy pqpu pr{u g`h. Pypu|{u g`h, qru~~, t|w~ q p{y}. Dru,
{p ~p qspz pu{p}y wyx~y |uyu|~z s|qy~z – r
wytpu}u ypu|{u g`h » («O |yupu»,1967) (16, 208) B {~u{u y{p~y rus ypu|{s «`», us
ryu~yu Dur{y} ru. B ~uq|} u «Tp }y Kpp}pxr
!», ~pxrp~yu {s ru r{|yp~yu K|y Kp{y~p, Sp{tp yu: «r
y |rp gTp, Kpp}pxr}!h, -}u}, y}u r ryt y qyz u, y
tty}z qyzr p D}yyz, y y|{u tryu Irp~. D|w~ ~y
y}u r ryt. Dpwu x|z R}ut{r, {|{ {ry rxp~ ~y}y, t|wu~
y}u r ryt, y~pu Dur{yz ~u q| q tr|u~.»(16, 69) «Xypu|} ypry} r~y}pu|~
}p~ y ypry} r|~u~yu, ~u|x ~u ruy, r }
r{|yp~yy gTp, Kpp}pxr}!h
y}u r ryt ~u |{ ru Kpp}pxr, ~ ru u~pwy }p~p.
R|utrpu|~ Kpp}pxr{yu u|u}u~ ~u y~u {p{ gruu|ruu{uh »(16,
69-70). «Pury}y ~ury~~ yx-xp px~ uuwyrp~yz rp ~u |{
Kpp}pxr. B p{} ~y}p~yy u|ru{p xp{|pu qpx }|u~y
{pp}pxr{s. R~pp|p ~pzy uq {pp}pxr{s, tp|u truwtu~yu} y
yp~yu} rxrp {pp}pxr{y} u|ruur} – r x~py
{pp}pxr{u, {s xp{|pu {uu r ru xp pu~yu}, u} r
g~y}p~yyh, y qu|ru xpt~u~y, xptp~y, }u~y, ~uut|y}s
yruy r|utryu py, rutu~y y tq»(16-71) Mw~
{pxp, Sp{tp s|q{ ~y{ r p~y|{ ~ rurp
Dur{s. D| Sp{ut, p{ wu {p{ t| Dur{s, u|ru{ r|u
{pz~u ~ut~x~p~} ur}. Es x~p~yu u|ru{u qspp| px~}y
uuwyrp~y}y r ruz wyx~y. O~ ywtu~y ~ qtty{z q~x wu r
~y }~urp| r uy~p|yx}u u|ysyy. B tu~uru {pxrp| t
r|y~yu} |urz ytu|syy. B 1931 s. q| purp~ rt psypyy uty
r |wpy. P|u vpxr pur ~ v| yx S{yz{s
~yruyup, ~u {~yr {r. Pqrp| urz ps ~p rur
y{|u~u{y} }p~}. A|y { s|pxp ~p |w~ y qspr
pp{up u|ru{p yxu~yu} qyspyy py~~s {ypz{s yy{p Si ma Qian. B 1937 s. q|
u{yrp~ r p}y r Kypz tr} |tp}, r|utryu uuwyrp| ruquu
{u~yu yu} stprp. Sp{p us tqp ysry|p us rxs|t ~p
u|ru{p r ru} rz~ y |u rz~. B {xyu~yp|~ ypy us ~pq|tu~yu xp
u|ru{} | rustp pp||u|~ p{yr~} pxq} rus «`» r {puru
ru{s «`». O~ ruty|: «g`h pr|u yx rz, uuz g`h y
quxsp~y~ g`h, y~pu sr, ru ~y py~ pxtq|u~~u, {p{ p{ru,
pr| u|u g`h. Ixqpwu~~u g`h r|u ~u{y} utu|u~~} g`h,
rpu~~} y tq~} t| pxryy wup, u} ~u }u~uu ~p}u{pu ~p r
u~yp|~, { yxqpwu~yu {z u}y g`h »(«Ip `», 1948) (12,
115) D| Sp{t Dur{yz {pxp| qpx}, tysy}
yup~~y u~yp|p ypu|{s «`» ~p ru} r~u. B us ruru
r ux|pu pp{up p{s pr{s «`», xp}upu pxtq|u~yu qpxr
y|y rutu~y u~pwuz. Cuz-rurrpu| p pu tu}~yu{y y
y~y~, yx}u~u r {~|y{u |qr~z q|u}u truy} u} tx}, y
pr|u y tqz. Sp} p~u |u}u~ u} trz~y{r («Ru{u» 1947,
«Oqpx «|qry» 1948»). Q}p~ |ut~us uytp wyx~y ypu| «Cp Utxy»
(1969), wu {s pxrurpu r yp|syu{z q|~yu r ru}
yq|ywpus pwu~y ~{s }y|ypyx}p, |~ {pz~u {p~prp|~}y
qy}, u~y}y y |u}u~p}y ~u~y trz~y{r }uwt rurrpu|u}
«`» y tsy}y u~pwp}y, r p~y }uwt s|pr~} suu}, ty{y}y
yux~ru~yy sp~y ~}p|~ y }uu~~. P }up} }y~p }~u~y
suur Dur{}. B qu} }p~ utpr|u qz s}~z {p|uzt{
ru{s «`», x~p~y ypu| Sp{tp y {|~u ypu|uz, |qy Dur{s
{ u~y u}y~yu~yy yx ru|y{s {s ypu|. 4 Ix y ypu|uz, utpr|y ~{ «Y{|
Dur{s» |u rz~, _. Vp~y r|| |ytyy} y q|u tsy
~ut~{p~ r{pxrp| q|} x~pu~yy Dur{s t| uq y ~{z
|yup. O~ yxruu~ t| ~{y ypu|uz {p{ pr }upyxyu{s
}p~p «Mvru ty»(«@{v» 1946-1995 ), }p~p ~uqrp|s }|y y y| r
yyy ~{z |yup y p{yu{y prus ~uxp{~u~~}. P |rp}
us q|yx{s tsp, ypu| S. Sp{t : «Vp~y {|~~y{ U.M. Dur{s,
quwtpyz r }, }p~ }wu yquy pp{u }upyxy{y»
(«Nu{|{ |r – pp||u|yx}u |uru~~ ypu|uz», 1952)(12, 245 ) O~ ~ str q| ryp~, s|pr~} qpx}, {z
|yupz, r p~y, «Oq|}r}» C~prp, «Cuu} ~pus ru}u~y»
Lu}~rp y «Ity}» Dur{s. P us r}y~p~y: «D| }u~ upy}
p{} q {ru~yy ~y |yup r||p rup ~u t~z
{~ysz, p y t~ru}u~~p rup u} {~ysp}y; «Oq|}r», «Cuz
~pus ru}u~y» y «Ity», x~py, {pxp| t r|y~yu} z~
{}|u{~ y| {y ypu|uz 19 ru{p. Nup{yr~z Oq|}r, ~usy~z
Puvy~ y q|uyz y{|yu|~ y|z ty M{y~ – ~y ry|y t}
uut }~z, u} {p{ qt q|y utu|u~ utu| y qpx }us trz~} y
z~} qpx} yruyrs tur~s pxryy. <.....> D| }u~ y
|u~ y y|uw~, y uvx~ y ~uuvx~, y p~pxy y
tuzryu|~ ~pp|y uu~~ yqup ty~p{r ru}. Kstp
p{p {|~~ }uz ty { trzru~~y ~py~p|p |{~ u~tu~yuz
ru}u~y, tsry| ~p|u~yu uytp, {stp ~p t~} r~u
ur |yyu{p tuu|~, qux s|t{y {s|~ tpp
u u~ y quxsp~y~ v}~p svxp {}|syy y tu}~|syy, {}y
r|u{p| qurx~ t~v} y ~, |uwp ~p |u}~z u|y. Sp{u
~yu ty r| y r|utryy r }uz yyy ~ut~{p~ t~z
x~py} y ru}, wy}y ~p trywu~yu u~-qu| {ptr |pztp»
(«My y|p»)(2, 228)12 D| s, q ~|y xtu yyrp~~u |rp, ~w~
xps|~ r us qyspy. O~ ty| r 1910 s. r ~{z {|~yy Spzrp~u r
u}u p}wu~~s y~r~y{p y rty| tur y p urp r {|~yy.
P us |rp} ~us xpty| wu r turu u~yu, }~urpuu r ruz
ytu~y~y. O~ q~u u~yu rus tp |yu~yu} ty~.
B1923 s. r uru uuup| u}vz r S{y y t|wp| y r ut~uz
{|u. B ru} r|u{p| «Oq|}r}», «Cuu} ~pus ru}u~y» y
«Ity}». Py| r tsryu|~z p{|u ~yruyup Ny~ r 1928
s., {stp {p{ px }p{yx} xprprp| tu~r – }|tvw r `~yy. Vp~y
uuu| ~p Mp{yx} ~pu~y p~pyx}p t Yy~up. Bx| xp
y~u~yu u – y|sy «Rru={}}~p» y p «Qur|y y stpr»
~pxrp~yu} p~p|syy yxru~z {~ysz Lu~y~p «Ctpr y ur|y». B
1931 s. ru~z ry| r K}py `~yy. Hp~y}p| t|~}y pqp}y. B
}pu 1932 s. q| purp~ |yyuz, q| qry~v~ r {q|u~yy us
ru|yurp y ~pu~yy xp{~p p~ quru~~s {zry, y rv| st
u} }up}y r utrpyu|~} xp{|u~yy r }u. B ~qu 1933 s. q|
ysrv~ { tr|u~u} xp{|u~y r }u {z y|~u~y ysrp
~p uu stp y q| rqwtv~ yx xp{|u~y. B r}y~p~yy }u Vp~y
}y~pu <Mv} Cpty~u>, ~p}y~pu} Cpty~p yx «Hpy{ yx }vrs
t}p», }|p|yr}, p~} y ryu} xp{|v~~}, yquspu} { ~py|y
~yu|~ u|ru{p ~u tu. Vp~y xpyp|: «^ <Mz Cpty~>
yxrv| ~p }u~ s}~u rup|u~yu. Nuyxs|pty} pruu r p}y us
rup|u~yu rxqty| }u~ |yup~u rqpwu~yu y p| ur} rt}
s, rpz~u ~pp| ryp quxsp~y~z }y svx r s| }»(«My
y|p»)(2, 290) B }u us xprpy|p t~p {~ysp –
«Kyy{p ys px}p» I. Kp~p. Ppr|u~~u ~u}u{y} y|} uxy –
pp|syx} pp{uu qu{p «», p~y~}y {}|syy y q|u}p
~urx}w~y rytuu|rp urrp~yy rus urp – utpry|y
t| Vp~yy, us |rp}, «uuyu{y} qqv~~} }y} v}~s ~prp
}us, ptprus ~uy~ yx-xp ytu~y~y»(«Bup Kp~}»)(4,
127) Es y~uu { Dur{}
uty|, s|pr~} qpx}, ~p q|u}p ~|syy. B u («Ayu y
~uqyu, ur qux s|px, ~p y uz », 1958), r {} tu{|pyyz
rz y~y }|u~y, Vp~y s|q{z x~py} yyu t|y~~z ppw
yx xpy{ yx «Au» Dur{s. ^ |rp Rprsy~p, qpv~~s {
Ypr: «Nu ~y}p, t| us r y}u~yu }p, .u., x~p~y, ypuu ry}
qyu} yx ru, {p{yu rx}w~? P-}u}, wu ~u ~p{p p rup, y u|y
yu, u {-{ yt, p y}u~~: u~y uq <c.>
~uqty} t| p~u~y us. B{u ur t|w~ uq yp ru
rus, {|, ~pru~, ypu uq ru rp, u|y ~u }wu, , ~pru~, ~u
xpu| q q u|ru{}, p p| {|}. K| u pz~p, y pz~ ruxtu.
Pu} wu r ypuu tsyu pz~? Hp}uu uu, , }wu q, ~uruyu
t~ u|ru{ y}u~~ }, ~ } pry ru rus, p p{ {p{ }
rzru~ |{ u|ruu{} sp~yx}, y ~u ~y}pu y ~u u wyx~y r
ts} rytu, .u. xpsq~z, ~u ruy, ~p ru. R tsz ~ –
u|ru{ rzru~~ ~pu rr p~y y {|y, yq } u|ru{p
p{ u~, }y~~ ~u ruy r uq, ~u tr|uru p} q, y
urrp~yu ru u|ru{ } {|~u~ yp ~utp~}. O s y
r|uu~yu { ruu r xpsq~ wyx~. M, uryt~, urp uut~u, y
urrp~yu ~pu ~p xu}|u u, uryt~, quur~u urrp~yu
{{|{y, uutuz r qpq{. B}~yu rpwu~yu: g@~su| ~y{stp ~u
ptpu, qu t s p|, rustp |uwy, u|ru{ ptpu y rpuh. `
t}p, |ty p~ry qup}y y|y p~su|p}y. Cryu: ~uprut|yr ~p{pxp~yu
ru~u, y yurpyu|~p p~x{p y|y rt}p|p, ru qt
u~. N rut xu}~p wyx~ u u uuwtu~y. K ry~rp, r
uutyu r up. Bv rxruy, {~u~. N rut p{, ux|p –
~ p{ wu, {p{ y ~p xu}|u rv yty t~ yx tss. Nu xpqtu wu,
gru}u~y q|u ~u qtuh, p{ {|| p~su|. Hp}uu uu, qu –
x~p. Rp| q, y r xpsq~ ~pp u x~p~yu y p}, p ~u
t~s u|ru{p, - prtp, }wu q, ~uu|ruu{yu. T}uu ~u|x. Ayu
u, p ~u ~uqy rru ~u»(|wy~z }z – S.K)(11,183-184) @Vp~y, ~pxrpr ~uqyu «ur} qux s|px, ~p y uz» y y{|yr
y|{u }|u~yu ~uqyy, {p{ |syu{y pr|u~~z ~uspyr~z
u, xp}u~y| ~yu ru{y} rqpwu~yu}, y~pu sr,
|yup~} }|u~yu}. Ot~y}y yx rpw~ y~y{r, t{pxpry u}
|yup~-ru{u rqpwu~yu |wy|y rytu~y suur r ruru
Dur{s: rytu~yu Rrytyspz|rp rt ~y «ru~y», {q
«t~p {}~p{p, tp{ rtu tuuru~{z qp~y, xp{u|p, p ru} s|p}
p{y»(6, 221) y|y rytu~yu I|yp rt qpxp yt «r rytu {p{s-
s}~s, ~u}|y}s y ~u}s xru <c.> r rytu {p{z-~yqt
s}pt~z }py~ <c> {p qu}|u~~ xprpy|p, pxtqy|p y
s|y|p r uq, s| y qurru~~ , ru|y{u y quu~~u ur »(8,
339) Vp~y ut|wy| ~p }uu |syu{z
(r~u x~p y~yp ytu~y~y) {p{u- }yspu}u
ur, us |rp}, «ur qux s|px, ~p y uz», {u
utru wyx~ ~p xu}|u. O~ xp}upu r pr~yu|~ qp
rytu~y} Rrytyspz|rp y I|yp
rus tp pxtpwu~yu Dur{s, ~u }urus yurpu uutp
«ur qux s|px, ~p y uz», r {u ypu| xps|~|. Vp~y
}upu: «P yx~p~y Dur{s, ~ r wyx~ }y| q|u}p}y Asp.
Rp}p s|pr~p yy~p us }{y, }u}, xp{|pu r }, ~ ~u ~|
p{, ~ ~u }s s|py yx~p~yu} |yp Asp «qux s|px, ~p y
uz». R{uu q ~ tu|p| urz ps ~p ~ru ~ppr|u~yu r ~y}p~yy,
|y Asp t|w~ q «qux s|px, ~p y uz». Su} ~u }u~uu tpwu ~u yty|p
r s|r ~us p{p ytu, } ~ wy| r p}{p 19 ru{p, us
yx|p us }{p y r u} p}p s|pr~p yy~p, rqu |ty p}s
~pp|p ~y{stp ~u qppu r~y}p~yu ~p q|u} «ur qux s|px, ~p y
uz». E|y x~p|y q p{ ypy, tp|u }w~ q| q pxryrp
q|u} }z tsu.». (4, 23-24) I}u~~ z tsu |p us
ru{p pqp }p~p «Dy }uy». B }p~u rp u~pwy,
utpr|yu px~u pu{ u~y «~uy~y yx ytu~y~y» . u.,
ypyu xp{~ yy~~y r wyx~y ~p xu}|u y } qy ru ruuz ~p
xu}|u, y rxp}u~ y ut|pspyu urrp~y ~uxy} y| – «~uqy»,
{}~u~ {s pr| ~u wtv~~u, }uyu ~u rru} y xtp~yy
}yp y wyx~y, y wu utyu xu}|y |u xu}~z wyx~y. Sp{y} qpx} Vp~y
p| utpry ry ~y{p|~u {}|sy y ~yu qy – ~uqy,
~py}u~rp~y prp, «s qu{p ( {vpz)», {z xp~y}pu
u~p|~u x~pu~yu r x~u «~uytu~y~y», stu ru ruy rqt~
yy~~y, .u., rqt~ yury wtu~y y }uy. B }p~u
rp u~pwy, utpr|yu px~u pu{ z ytuy «s
qu{p»: { rutu «yy ruty xp utu| (ytu~y~y)», {
rutu «y|sy, yrt { }uy», { rutu «ur|y
qy». I r u|} }p~
pr|u yx }upyxyu{y, y|{y typ|sr suur. I typ|syu{yu
|rp ~u xr| t~x~p~s |{rp~y y xppr| ypu|uz |}p uqu
s|r. Hp y| ypu| qy|u~ yu{y}y }upp}y y |yyu{y}y
yp~y}y uzxpwy, y}r|yxyyu uu{yr u}|u~y ytuz~s y{p
prp, {u yr|u{p ypu|uz q|y}y y|p}y. Ituz~p {p }p~p «Dy
}uy» ~u}~u~~ q|p t{pxp~p rur} Dur{s. Ixqpwu~yu
u|y{ r typ|sp, }p~u {r, rutu~y u~pwuz r }p~u p
~p}y~p u~pwuz Dur{s, Rprsy~p, Pup Buru~{s,
Kyy||rp, Irp~p Kpp}pxrp y . t. Mw~ {pxp, ru~ r sv~~}
rytu } ~pq|tpu} r|y~yu Dur{s r ruru _. Vp~y, {z
utpr|u {pz~ } ryy Dur{s r ru}u~~z ~{z
|yupu.
PQIMEX@NI` |
[i] Mp}p Mpp: «Ny~ ~ y»,
Irp~p}y y~v. Ixt-r Irp~p}y v~,
S{y,1961, .57.
[ii] Kqpy
Vyt: P|.q..r 14-y . Ixt-r Ry~v . S{y,1978, .3, .134
[iii] I{}y Qyyy: P|.q..r 16 y . Ixt-r Kprpt
vq y~, S{y,1982, .13, .241.
[iv] Ryy~p
Qy~tx: P|,q..r 24- y .Ixt-r Stx, S{y,1973, .14, .149
[v] Sp} wu: .150
[vi] Sp} wu: .22, .611-613
[vii] Ryy~p
Qy~tx: Rq. . r 7-y.. Ixt-r Ktp~, S{y,1957, .2, .91
[viii] Sp} wu: .6, .183
[ix] Bu yp yx yxrutu~yz U.M.Dur{s:
P|.q..r 30-y .L., Np{p,1972-1990
[x] Ryy~p
Qy~tx: « Bppy~ Dur{yz pz{~». Ixt-r Kvq~{p~, S{y, 1967, .199
11 Bu yp yx yxrutu~yz Sp{tp
Spztx~: P|.q. r 21-y . Ixt-r Sy{}p,
S{y, 1971-1973, S} y p~yp {pxrp r {q{p |u yp.
12 Bu yp yx yxrutu~yz Vp~y _p{p: Rq. . r 15-y . Ixt-r Kprpt
vq y~, S{y, 1971-1980, S}
y p~yp {pxrp r {q{p |u yp