Lyup~-}u}yp|~z
}xuz U.M. Dur{s
Ayq|yu{p @|}p~pp «Dur{yz y
}yrp {|p» Ky~yp S. @~|sy y y{p rurp Dur{s. Rq~y{ puz.
Puty|ryu B.S~y}p~rp. Rp~{-Puuqs: Ruuq~z ru{, 2005 — 208 . Byyu L.N. S|s y U.M. Dur{s r `~yy r
urz |ry~u 20 ru{p r {~u{u pxryy |yup~ y quru~~
ytuz.
Npy~pu} |rp D. Muuw{r{s: gE|y q r
|yupu ru ru{r y ~ptr wu|p|y } ~pzy tw~y{p, ~pyq|uu
yr|w~s L. S|}, ~p} y| q {pxp ~p Dur{sh.
B|ut xp y} Muuw{r{yz {pxrpu ~p y{~ru~yu y rptu~yu g
xp{~ ty {pz~uz, rxpy}~s su~y tr |r t~z z wu
y|h.[i] B {~u{u ryy ru|y{y {y
ypu|uz r `~yy p{p y pp{uyy{p, tp~~p Muuw{r{y}, {pxp|p
x~pyu|~u r|y~yu ~p ~{ yp q|y{ r ~pp|u 20 ru{p. R {~ysz Muuw{r{s, yxtp~~z r 1901 st r
Qyy, r `~yy x~p{}y|y w~p|~} p} 1906–1909 ss. ~p ~ru
p~s|yz{s uurtp 1902 stp, p r 1914 s. {~ysp q|p yxtp~p ~p ~{}
x{u, r uurtu ~u}u{s yxtp~y. V wu tpr~ qp
{y ypu| q|y tr|~ yxru~ ~{z ypuz q|y{u, }w~
{pxp, S|z q| q|uu |u~. Eu y ruz wyx~y S|z
yr|u{p| r~y}p~yu r `~yy uwtu rus u|ysyx~ }|yu|uz yx y|p
yyp~y~-up~r. O~y y~uurp|y p{pp}y gIruth y gB u}
} ruph {u yp|y r p~s|yz{y uurtp. B 1890 s. ty~ yx {rtyu|uz up~{z
u{ T}p Mppyp (1857-1925) r w~p|u gNy~ Vv~h («`~{p
q|yyy{p» - sp~ u{) utpry| S|s {uu {p{ }|yu| y
q|yyp, u} }p~yp. P us |rp}, gS|z rpu {} t|
qurp. O~ ruu~ yxrp~y rutrp yy~. Vtwuru~~u
yxrutu~y r| t| ~us utr} y y ryrp ~pth.[ii] B|ut xp T}p ~u{u q|yy
up~{s {sp r ry w~p|p x~p{}y|y q|y{ qyspyuz
S|s y g|u~yu}h us pr|pr~z u{ry ~p ~ru }puyp|r yx
@}uy{y y Er. Kpy, ~{yu up~ r ru} sp|y rut
| r }yrp~yy w~p|yy{y. O~y yrp|y r|y~yu p}uy{p~{s
yp~yx}p y ruz {y xu~y rrrp|y ~u{} ytu}
|rrp. Q{-~{p rz~p (1904-1905 s.) p|p t|
up~{y }|yu|uz-q|yyr {p}~u} u{~ru~y. Kstp p~yru~~z
|r{yz p}|u gOt}pzu!h, q|y{rp~~z r gL~t~-pz}h 27 y~ 1904 s., p|
yxruu~ r `~yy uux u~p|~u spxu y |~z us u{ ~p ~{}
x{u q| q|y{rp~ r spxuu yp|yr gVz}y~ y}q~h 7 prsp, q|y~r
up~{y tuu|uz q|y }u~ y
upsyrp|y ~p |r{yz pyyx} ~uspyr~ yx-xp ry
~py~p|yyu{y ~pu~yz y qx~y uuyz ~ r|puz. I p{ ~y
|y S|s. Ryp|y (r ru} p~pyu{yu y|y
yyp~{yu) |ytpyxyrp|y S|} ~p ~ru ytuz s}p~yx}p,
p~yru~~s y p~ystpru~~s, p p{wu ~p ~ru ytuz yp|~s
pru~rp. O~y
q|y rtur|u~ S|}, ~, u} ~u }u~uu ~u }s|y ~u x~prp
ytu|syu{s px|yy }uwt ~y} y qz r ~y}p~yy yy~ rz~. Sp{y} qpx}, S|z y wyx~y y {p{
u|ysyx~z }|yu|, y {p{ p~yru~~z tuu| {pxrp| q|u r|y~yu ~p
~{ q|yyy{, uu
rxs|tp}y S|s rustp prp|y pwtu~y. Kp{ q| y~ S|z
r {puru ypu|, .u. r {~u{u twuru~~z |yup? D ~pp|p 20
ru{p ~p ~{} x{u q|y q|y{rp~ p{yu us yxrutu~y, {p{
gLu~h, gRu}uz~u puh, gDurh, gP|y{{ph, gKpxp{yh, gKuzurp
~pph, p p{ wu r{y yx gRurp|{y p{pxrh,@y }p~r g@~~p Kpu~y~ph y gBz~p y }yh. B yyy ~{z
|yup ryyu S|s rp| ru}u~y wtu~yu} y pxryyu}
~{s ~pp|yx}p. B 90- stp 19 ru{p ~{yu |yup
x~p{}y|y p~x{y} ~pp|yx}}. R~pp|p p|y yxru~ H| y
Mpp~. B p~y, uyuz g{uy}u~p|~s }p~ph H| {p{
y~yyp|~z p~r{z rurp xpy~uurp|y |yup,
y~pt|uwpryu { ~ppr|u~y ~{s ~pp|yx}p. Nu{u {yy{y y
ypu|y p|y p{yr~ rutrp r xyy ~p ~ru z uyy.
Rp|y |~ p{yu |x~sy y|y |rp, {p{ gq~pwpuu yp~yuh, gup|
q~pwu~~z up|~yh, gy{r pxprp~~s ru}u~yh, gqux
ytuz~y , qux pxuu~yh y t. Kp{ p{rp|y r
p{z ypyy uty ~{y ~pp|yr yxrutu~y S|s? Pyrut
r{pxrp~yu yxru~s ypu| y {yy{p, utpryu| ~{s
~pp|yx}p Mpp}~ Vp{y(1879–1962): gT~y{p|~u ruy S|s
gKuzurp ~pph y gR}u Irp~p I|yph u~yrp|y {p{ yy~u
yxrutu~y ~pp|yx}ph, stp {p{ gyxrutu~y Dur{s
utpr||y ypu|}-~pp|yp} s ru}u~y uru|yu~~}y y
tp|u~~}y prt, y{ru~~}y; wut~}y y ~us|p~}y t}
~pus ~pp|yx}ph[iii] . B |u ~pp|yx}p
S|z ry~y}p| r `~yy ~u |{ {p{ su~yp|~z tw~y{, ~ {uu
{p{ ru|y{yz }p|y. Su} ~u }u~uu `~{yu ypu|y, utpryu|y ys
~pp|yx}p, p|y r utu|p tp g}~u~y y yrutyh, r ~yy gqux
pxuu~y, qux ytuz~yh, tp|u{y |r{s }p|~s ytup|p, p
|r{yu s}p~yyu{yu ytuy y y pxuu~y }p|~ q|u}
y~uurp|y }|t ypu|uz s gRyp{pqp (Au|p quuxp)h, ruz r
~r~} yx utpryu|uz py{pyu{s |ry. I yr|u{|p
|r{p ytu g{pus tr~y~ph. D| ~u{ yx ~y
u}p ~u~y py{pp { s~y~z q|p quz rpw~z r y ruru y
pyyrp|p ~u~yu} Nu|trp { Kpu Mp|rz. B p~y, ypu|y
M~{txy Rp~p(1885-1976) y @yy}p Sp{(1879-1923), utpr|yu
s, ~pty|y t y|~} r|y~yu} ytuuz S|s. M~{txy uu r
tu~u{yu st r|u{ S|} y, {yy{ ppxyyx} rus {|pp,
qrp| ypry, {rtr u~yu} S|s. T ~us r ruz wyx~y
p{wu q|p u}p ~u~y py{pp y s~y~z. N ~ ~u }s prp
t|s t r|y~yu} S|s. D| ~us t~ q| q|tp |r{u
}p|~u {ut r up|~z wyx~y. B }p|~} |p~u ~ r{u u|
|rrp. Su} ~u }u~uu ~ ru| r wyx~ u{, t{pxp~~z ytu}y
S|s: xtp {}}~ gNrp tuur~h. @yy}p ~pyp| }p~
gGu~y~ph, uu{|y{pyz g@~~z Kpu~y~zh }yr ytuz~s r|u~y
y~tyrytp|~y r quru. B us xpy~z upty ~ut~{p~ }y~pu
qpx suy~y S|s. Oyp qru~~, O~ tp| r u} ~p
V{{pzt {u~p} qu|p~. B } p{wu }pyrpu r|y~yu
|rrp. V r }p~u @yy}
gGu~y~ph q~pwyrpu ~u{u |u}u~ ytuz~s r|y~y }p~p g@~~p Kpu~y~ph,
r ruru ~{yz ypu| tp|u{ S|s. Sp{ ypy q~
|rp Mpp}~: g`~{yu ypu|y, ypryu Mpp~p, C~{ r } y|u
Ssu~urp, pp|y ry ~y yu} ~rs yxqpwu~y, ~rz rxs|t ~p
yt, ~pq|tu~yu u|ruu{z y|syy y xyy ~rs |yup~s
rurp, p S|s ~y uwtu rus u{|~y|y uut us |y~,
} yp|y r|y~yu us }|y y {r. K~u~ «@~~ Kpu~y~», «Bz~
y }y» yp|y {p{ ru}y~u utvr, u} ~u }u~u ~y{ ~u qrp| y
~us y|u y|y ~pzy ~r ru{ }p~u. O{pxp| ~y t~s ypu|,
{z ~pty t r|y~yu} rurp S|s. <....> V rx~y{
p{z q} r rxy S|} r |yup~} }yu, u} ~u }u~uu r q|py rurp
ru} ~u ~pq|tp| x~pyu|~s r|y~y.<...> E|y q } ryy~
trus|y r|y~y |r{s rurp, x~pp| q p~r{ ~pus
qru~~s rurp. M q|y p{ u|}|u~ us }pur}, p{ pwu~
s}~}y us pqp}y,
xp~y}p rur} ~puz qut~z u~y{z, t}p|, ruu~~
~urx}w~h[iv]
. `~y yx IMLI Ky}
Qu r {~ysu gQ{p {|py{p y ~{p |yupph(1987) }upu: gX wu
{ppu x~pu~y rurp S|s t| ~{z |yup ~py t~uz,
~ {p uu ~u p| ut}u} uyp|~s y|utrp~yh.[v] Su} ~u }u~uu, }w~
tu|p utrpyu|~z rrt, S|z {pxrp| r|y~yu ~p ~{
|yup q|u {p{ }|yu|, rut~y{, p~yru~~z tuu| y }p|y,
u} {p{ tw~y{. Suu uuztu} {
Dur{}. O Dur{} r `~yy
x~p|y y t~ru}u~~ S|}. `~{p q|y{p x~p{}y|p
Dur{y} ruru r 1892 s.: }p~ gPu|u~yu y ~p{pxp~yuh uuru|
p~s|yz{s Tytp Qp~(1868-1929), yxru~z ypu|-q|yy. Su} ~u }u~uu, t ~pp|p
20 ru{p pr~u~y S|} Dur{yz q| }p| yxruu~ q|y{u r
uurtu: uurutu~ q|y |{ p }p~p gT~ywu~~u y {q|u~~uh
(1893) y t~p s|prp yx gAut~ |tuzh, r}y~p~yu Bprp ruz turu(1908). Kp{ qt yu~~u
{ r{ uurutu~~z {~ysy Muuw{r{s gL. S|z y Dur{yzh , |u
1914 s. ty~ xp tsy} q|y q|y{rp~ uurt yxrutu~yz Dur{s:
gT~ywu~~u y {q|u~~uh (1914), gHpy{y yx Murs t}ph (1914), gItyh
(1914), gAp Kpp}pxrh (1914), gAut~u |tyh (1915). y .t. B y st ru uu p~| y~uu { S|}. B 1916 s. yxru~u
yxtpu|r gRy~vh ~pp| r{ uwu}u~s w~p|p gIxu~yu
S|sh, t|wpryz t 1919 s., rus q| ru~ 29 ~}ur. Ix ~y
trp ~}up q|y ru~ uyp|~ Dur{}. Kp{u r|y~yu {pxp|
Dur{yz ~p ~{ |yup? Twu r {~u 1980 ss. r ruy ypu|
Upqpz Ry}z (1864-1909) gP|ruu q|p{h
(1887) {pxp| x~pyu|~u r|y~yu y{y Dur{s. Kpy, p
ru ypu x~p{rz pqz, {rpuz ~rs ru}u~y r
~{z |yupu. Upqpz p} q| y} y rtpy} uurty{}
{z |yup − Ssu~urp, Cs|, Cpy~p, C{s y t. O~ sp|
q| | u}pp r rpq{u y|yyu{s uty~rp |yup~s y
pxsr~s x{p utr} uurtr yxrutu~yz Ssu~urp gRrytp~yuh y
g Sy ruyh. V Upqpz ~y{stp
~u uurty| Dur{s, ~ |u }~sy tsy ryp| r Dur{s: r
}p~ gPu|u~yu y ~p{pxp~yuh y r tsyu us yxrutu~y. B}y~p
qru~~} ru{} tu, ~
yx~p| r ruz pqu ~pt ru xp}u~u r|y~yu Dur{s. Upqpz qpy|
r~y}p~yu ~p yr|w~ pr{s ttp { yxqpwu~y u~pwuz
Ssu~urp y Dur{s. P us ~pq|tu~y, Ssu~ur ~pty r~u
u~pwp y ~y { ~u} q|uu y|y }u~uu {yyu{y. Dur{yz wu
py}y|yu suu}, .u. pr {p{ q uqrpu r~y u~pwp. Rp}}
Upqp {p{ ypu| q|ywu q| tt Dur{s. Np ~ru p{s
y}upu|~s ~pq|tu~y Upqpz ruru r ~{z |yupu tys
up|yxpyy ~uqru~~-}z uy r yxqpwu~yy x~p~y su. N ~ ~u
x~p| ru ~rpr r q|py y| y yp| ~uxpruu~~ r
yxqpwu~yy rus su ~utpuz.[vi] B ryyy
Dur{s r `~yy r {~u 19 ru{p y}u Upqpu q| y{|yu|~} y
y~tyrytp|~} r|u~yu}. Dpwu r 10- ss. 20 ru{p Dur{yz ry~y}p|
t} S|} {p{ s}p~~z yp|~z ypu|, xpypyz
u|ruu{u ty~r yp|~ ~yxr. Oty~ yx rtpy
r ~rs ru}u~y Vpsypp Rp{p (1888-1942) u~yy }p~p
gAp Kpp}pxrh ypryz r ru ru} u~yu y rs |u
}p|~z }{y, {yy{rp| s «Ryp{pqp» («Au|p quuxp»), ~ptyr
t r|y~yu} |rrp r ryyy Dur{s xp y ru~~u
ryyu Dur{s: gKstp yp|
Dur{s, {p{ px sp Ryp{pqp p{yr~ tuzrrp|p, y s}p~yx} r|ptu|
}p}y {|u~y. X|u~ s Ryp{pqp pry|y S|s y Dur{s
t}, ~p t~} r~u y qwp|y y {p{ tr qsr |yup. I}u~~ ~y
tp|y }~u rt x~p y yp Dur{s. Qpx ypr Dur{s,
p| u~uqusp y uyuz |yup, } yxrutu~y Dur{s
y S|s ru} px~s, yr|w~s tp, |utrpu|~, r||y
ur tr} |p}y {}p, ~p|{ px|y~}y, , { |qy
t~s, ~u |qy tss. Cuyu{yz p s Ryp{pqp, qwpruz qy
ypu|uz ty~p{r |{ xp y u~y}u~p|~ s}p~~, {pxp| }~u
|y{} tu{y} y ru~~}h.[vii] P Vpsyrpp t
ruy Dur{y} p}u|~ }y| {}|syu{y} }~u~yu}, u~
~p}y~py} }~u~yu Irp~p Kpp}pxrp. O~ ru| p}qyrp|u~~ wyx~:
tu{ptu~{, ptu~y}y y r wu ru} sy} y{} r{s ytup|p.
Es q{rp|~ p|p rup }p~} gAp Kpp}pxrh, r p~y
ytu}y pp Hy}. [viii] Rruu~~ y~pu, u} r
|pu S|}, ryyu Dur{s p| rus |p yp|~},
y~u||u{p|~} r|u~yu} qu~~ t y |u 1930 s., ~p{p~~u rz
}yrz rz~. B uu }y|ypyxpyy ~{s qurp r|p u}y|p
yuqy p~ypryu|ru~~ psp~t. Nu |{ yp|y, ~ tpwu
|yqup| purrp|y ~{y} |yyu{z |yyuz y y~wtpu} q|y
y|z {pxrp ry ytuz y |yyu{z xyyy. Ou~yu
yyu{s y }p|~s ~pt|}p pp~| r utu y~u||ysu~yy. B p{z ypyy r
~rpu 1934 stp q|p uurutu~p y yxtp~p {~ysp L. Yurp gDur{yz y
Nyuh t xps|pryu} gUy|y psutyyh. I~uupy Yur} y|syy
t|~s u|ru{p |wy|p |{} t| ttp { Dur{} {p{
u|ru{, yx}u~yru} r Ryqyy ry uw~yu quwtu~y y ~ppru} r 60 ss.
pxpqprp ytu|syu{ {yy{ py~p|yx}p. B w~p|p y spxup tpwu
~pp|y ty{yy ~p u} y p|y u~ |~ rpwu~y < ursy
Yurp>, <u~}u~ Yurp>.[ix] B {~u{u p{y yp|~
y y~u||u{p|~ qyz q|p uty~p {p utu|y ~
Dur{s, {p{ tw~y{p. Pypu| F{}y Qyyy (1898-1947) y~pt|uwpyz {
}tu~y{} }p|yyu{} ~ppr|u~y pry| uut qz xptp
yxqpwp u|ru{p, x~p~yu {s p{| r|utryu uu|}p
quwtu~yz {p{ pp~u~~u r|u~yu ru}u~y. O~ rxs|py| guy
ys }p~ph, ~pxrp~yu {s xpy}rrp| p~x{s ypu| @.
Gytp yx us }p~p gUp|yr}~uy{yh. Su} ~u }u~uu p} F{}y r ruz
uyy ~pxrp| {p{ ur} qpx} <ys }p~p > gPu|u~yu y
~p{pxp~yuh Dur{s. F{}y ut|wy| r
<y} }p~u> xtp<uruu |y>, {u, us }~u~y,
qtu ~uqty} t| qpwu~y <urw~s tp p}x~p~y>, y~pu
sr, <~rs urrp~y |yp, {u ryty p}s uq>.
Bx~y{|y ty{yy r w~p|p r{s guyy ys }p~ph, y qwtp|
r, p{u <uruu |y>.[x] Suu } }wu}
{pxp, tt F{}y { y} q|u}p} q| u~ q|yx{ { ~pq|tu~y}
Apy~p }|u~y |y~yu{s pp{up y{y Dur{s. M|tz
Kprpqpp `~py (1899-1972), qtyz |pup
Nqu|ur{z u}yy, stp pry|~ }uy|, g~uru~ p}pyrp
~yu <urus |yp> r sp}}pyu{} |p~u. O~ rpwpu y}u~~
{ xu~y twuru~~s rytu~y prph.[xi] Nu} ~p p{
uuyu{ tu{|ppy xtp~y ~rs }p~p, ypu| F{}y p}} r
rv} ruru ~u rpp| u} p{|s x~p~y. O~, {p{ }p|y,
ypryu r|y~yu uruz{s }tu~yx}p |u urz }yrz rz~ y
y}uyz {|~~ { «y{r t| y{rp», tp|v{ p{s ytuz~s,
y|syu{s uux~s uu|}p, {p{z ~pq|tp| ypu|uz
trusy uuyy r|p yx-xp y}pyy { |up{}, }p{y{}
trywu~y. Es yxrutu~y ~p p{y{u ~y{p{ ~u }s|y prtp r|~u~yu
rxs|pu~~z xptpy. B p{z ypyy,
~p{p~~u rz }yrz rz~, r 1936 s. }uwt wu ~ut~{p~ }~} ypu|u},
{yy{} ~pp|yyu{s ~ppr|u~y Mpp}~ y {yy{} Kqpy Vyt (1902-1983) rx~y{|p p{
~pxrpu}p gty{y r{s ytuz~y y wyx~yh. Prt} { ~pp| ty{yy
|wy| q|y{rp~yu |ut~us t~ur~y{p S|s r ~{} uurtu t
xps|pryu} g1910 s.h. Pypryz |ut~yz t~ur~y{ S|s Mpp}~ ~pyp|
r spxuu: «25 |u ~pxpt, {stp r `~y y| qu~yu q tu yx u}y y
{~y~u S|s ~p tuuru~{z p~yy, ~{yu |yup } ruy|y,
S|z pry| r ts, ~u uu~uy }upyxyu{ }{, u|
~pzy pu~yu, y ~y q|y r |pt{} ryu~yy. B tuzryu|~y
{pxp|, S|z q| wu~ y quwp| yx u}y.<c> Kstp
ryp|y r yy r t~ur~y{u S|s y x~p|y, ~ q| wu~, rup
y s|yr quwp| yx t}p, pr r ty~uru, y ~p{~u }u r tsu,
us yy utpr|u ~p} y psyu{z y {}yu{z, {p{ qt
xu{p|~} pwu~yu} yy~ wyx~y. Tr, ~p u~~z y |qy}z py{
S|z!».[xii] Pyr p{s ~ywu~y
}|p tp S|s yx u}y t ~pp|yyu{s xpyu{s r~
rp| {yy{ }|ts {|u~y Kqpy Vyt. B ~yruyuu ~ yxp|
p~x{ |yup, r p~y y}r|yx}, y r wu ru} u~ |qy|
Dur{s. B wu|z t| y~u||ysu~yy ypyy, }uu~~z <ursz
Yurp> y|y <u~}u~} Yurp>, Kqpy uux~ yxp|
Dur{s. Es y~uurp| ~u~yu wyx~y y rurp ypu|. Py
} ~, y~y}p rxs|t p~x{s ypu| @. Gytp ~p Dur{s,
qpy| r~y}p~yu ~p r pz~ rurp, {stp |y~ ypu|, r
wyx~y, -ryty}}, }uu~~p yruyr}y rzrp}y pp{up, {u
yy }~sy} us u~pwp}, r uu rurp rxwtpu {p{ qspz
y s}~z twuru~~z }y. Kqpy yp| Dur{}: «Dur{yz }s wy
ruz qut~z wyx~, } u} ruy| r t{ twuru~~s
rurp. D| p{y su~yur, {p{ Dur{yz, xprpu~~ tu}~}
rurp, up|~p wyx~ t|w~p q y{yr~} pr}» [xiii] Kqpy q~pwp| y
{yy{rp| ~pyr~u, ~u yp|yxyrp~~u <s ()> ~{y ~pp|yr, {u
yp |{ ~p x{u ~y}p~yu «» r {s u}uz~} y|y rpyu{}. R z {y xu~y,
Kqpy, ux{ {yy{ Mpp}~, prut|yr rytu| r tu S|s yx
u}y qq ypu| r y{u pxuu~y wyx~u~~ y uux~ ytuz~
q|u} r {~u us wyx~y y tu{~|: gItuy ~u qrp qux ~rp~yz r
up|~z wyx~y. Su} ~u }u~uu ytuy, ~u uqyu wurrp~yu up|~z wyx~,
y}u }u |{ r }xsu wyr~. Ituy ryrp quur~}
wurrp~yu} up|~z wyx~h [xiv]. Sp{y} qpx} r
ypyy, }uu~~z < ursz Yurp> y|y <u~}u~} Yurp
>, {yy{ Kqpy, t~z ~, |p ~p Dur{s y Gytp,
ut|wy| rx}w~ wtu~y r ru}u~~z ~{z |yupu g}p~p,
~rp~~s ~p y~yu y~tyrytp|~z |y~yh, tsz wu ~, ~
pwtp| ~u~yy ytuz~-ru{z y up|~z wyx~y ypu| t
ty{yy r{s tp S|s yx u}y. Pxwu Kqpy ~pyp|
qyspy Dur{s ~p ~ru, s|pr~} qpx}, }puyp|r yx
p~x{y y~y{r y q|y{rp| t xp}upu|~ puz ruru
Dur{s. P|u pwu~y
~{s }y|ypyx}p r 1945 s. ~p y~p ruz p~, r p}uu
rqwtu~y y y|syu{z ypyy, q|yx{z { {xyu~yp|yx} yx
Er, ~{p y~u||ysu~y qu~~ r|u{p|p Dur{y}. Pypu|y
}|ts {|u~y, yp ~p ru uuwyrp~yu rz~ y |yu~y rqt y
p|ypyx}u, p{wu ~p uuwyrp~yu {s uu|}p quru~~ u~~uz
t y |u rz~, xtp|y t xp}upu|~ yxrutu~yz. Py }
Dur{yz t{pxrp| y} u~ }~su r ttu { u|ru{, p~p|yxu
u|ruu{z y|syy y r
qpwu~yy s|qy~ ty u|ru{p. Sp{y} qpx}, }w~
{pxp, r rz |ry~u 20 ru{p r|y~yu Dur{s ~p ~{
|yup {pxp| y ru uu {pxrpu y|~uu rus, y|~uu ~u |{
r|y~y S|s, ~ y tsy {|py{r }yrz |yup. |
[ii]`~psy S}y{. S|z Ny~r~sp{ («S|z y
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[iv] Mpp}~ Vp{y.
P|. q. . r 30 . Ixt-r U{p{
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[vi] R}. q }: S. Ky~yp Py{p Dur{s r ruru ~{y
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[vii] Vpsypp Rp{p.
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[x]Cx~tpz Ny~q~sp{ ~ y («Iy ty{yz r{s ru}u~~z
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1957..3 .. 69-116
[xi]. Kprprpp `~py
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[xii]@Mpp}~ Vp{y O S|}. Cx~tpz Ny~q~sp{ ~ y
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[xiii]. Kqpy Vytx Ituy y up|~p wyx~. Sp}
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[xiv] .Kqpy Vytx Ituy y up|~p wyx~. Sp}
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Ayq|yspy
N{y Kptxy{: Ny~ ~y { S|z («S|z r `~yy»). Ewu}u~u
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Ry}ytx Sp{pyy: Ny~ ~y { Dur{yz – pzy {y ~y }y y{pz,
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r uyt Spzy (1912-1926)»)
Qyp. Rz. Ny~(«Qy, Hppt y `~y») Ixt-r @py p~.
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Vpsprp Itx}y: Ky~tpz ~y~r~sp{ y~y («Iy |yup~z {yy{y ~{z
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