Ky~yp S. @~|sy y
y{p rurp Dur{s. Rq~y{ puz. Puty|ryu B.S
~y}p~rp. Rp~{-Puuq
s: Ruuq~z
ru{, 2005 — 208 . PO^SIK@ Q@NNECO U.M.DORSOEBRKOCO
I "H@KON RIMP@SII" B@LEQI@N@ M@JKOB@
Kp{ yxru~, |u pxrp Au|y~{y} }|tz
Dur{yz y}{~
| { {
w{
qpur Au{ur, t
z {s q| Bp|uyp~
Mpz{r. Sp{wu quyxru~,
B.Mpz{r r{ u~yrp| x~pu~yu «Drz~y{p» y «Cty~p Ppy~p» r
yr|w~ Au|y~{}
, {z ruu~~ yp| y u~~. P |rp} B.L.K}pryp: «Qpxr
Dur{y}, uty~}|u~~y{} y t
s} B.Mpz{rp y @.P|uuurp ( {
w{
Au{ur. - S.K.), p{y} wu, {p{
~y, "s
}p~yu{y} {}|y}", \
pxr ~y} q| ~uyxquwu~ t| Au|y~{s. O~ ~pxu| y ruy| {p{ px r
uyt |u}yu{y rp{ Au|y~{s B.Mpz{r} (}uwt
~qu} 1846 s. y urp|u} 1847 s. - S.K.)»
1. P
{p{z yy~u B.Mpz{r s|
q{
}u| ~y{~
r
~ rurp Dur{s, p Au|y~{yz |y
ru~~ y ypu|~ xrp|
p~~y yxrutu~y Dur{s |u «Aut~ |tuz»? Pyy~p, -}u}
,
y r
uru~~} px|yyy pp{up uyu{y rxs|tr qy {yy{r. D y q|y
p}u~ y|utrpu|}y (_. Mp~~}, S.Tp{y~z
y t.) |yyu|~u u uyu{z }|y B.Mpz{rp y Au|y~{s. B yx
u~yy yyy
{z |yup
r ru{u
ru}, ~p{|{ x~p, y~y
uy{y B.Mpz{rp yrpr||y y~yp} Au|y~{s, yx~p~, ~y qp y~pt|uwp|y {
tu}{pyu{}
suyr~}
|psu. I {p{
pry|, {yuy u~{y Au|y~{s,
{pxrp| ~p |pq y|y pqp{~ rxxu~yz B.Mpz{rp. B } |p~u, ~py}u, q|uu {yyu{y { B.Mpz{r
~y u B. K
|ur:«<...>r p{r{u y{
rp, q|u} y p|p~p,
~pt~y, ~u~yz ~p
{y y y{
rp, r u~{u ypu|uz ~p
p|~z
{|
Mpz{rp ~p}uy|y rpw~u pwtu~y Au|y~{y}. B u~{p
us }|uz y{pwp|p p}p
~ }puyp|yyu{y,
ur|y~~-tu}{pyu{y
|wu~yz uy{y Au|y~{s».2. V |u}u~ p{s yrpr|u~y qy {yy{r p y r
pqp S.Tp{y~z y _.Mp~~p,3.
~ ~y {uu yx~p qru~~u yyu{u x~pu~yu uy{y B.Mpz{rp, u} pp ty{utyyrp us. (Kpy, tuu|~ {yy{p Mpz{rp
t|wp|p }u~uu ytpy }uur. O~
}u
tpp r ru} {
p~y r rxpu trptpy
uu |u.) Ip{ q|u}p u~{y uy{y B.Mpz{rp
uu pu ~uuu~~z. B tp~~} t{|ptu
}u~ ~u ~y ~p}uu~y, ~y
sr~y
prrp r z ty{
yy. Vu| q |y }uy ~u{u
|u}u~ uyu{z }|y Mpz{rp, uu{|y{pyu y{z Dur{s, y
p}u
}~pu~y 40- ss. XIX ru{p, {u ty|y q~ tr
|yupr.
R
~ uy{y Mpz{rp
pr| trp ~r~ uxyp: ty~ yx ~y \ "xp{~ y}pyy", t
sz \ yp~yu
~py~p|~s r y|
ruwtu~y
quu|ruu{s. Oquyxru~, yrpr|u~yu Mpz{r} ~py~p|~s y quu|ruu{s rxrp| y|~u
rxpwu~yu ~
Au|y~{s. Au|y~{yz, qp Mpz{r
u{ r
"p~pyu{} {}|yyx}u",
ruwtp|: «<...>qqp u|ruu{s
~py~p|~} u; ~u q|u, {p{
yyu{p ys
{p; ~ r tuzryu|~y uu ~u.<...> Kstp ~pt ttpu ~pt
wy u}
ytuz y qpur,
~u y}u r uqu ; y| uupqprp y y| qru~~z
~py~p|~y r qru~~
wu
~, - stp ~ syq~u |yyu{y» 4.
Qpxtu|u~y
~py~p|~s y quu|ruu{s rurrp|
Mpz{rp t
sp p~yuxp: "q{~ru~~u |ty" (.u.
q|y~r ~ptp) y "ru|y{yu
|ty" (.u. }u~y~r).
P rt
s Au|y~{yz
ruwtp|: «Npt ~y { ry} ru|y{y} |t},
{p{ rp { pu~y}, {u
yxrty ~p. S
uty~r, p ~u pxtu|u~yu, ~u trzru~~».5.Np} t
}pu, p{p }| q|uu q|yx{p
Dur{}
- ru~y{
60- ss. I u B.Sup r ruz {~ysu «Bulins{ij and
Russian Litelary Critisism»
}y~pu q
z q~y6.. _.Mp~~p wu ~u}~s }
pu p{, , us |rp}, «}wu {pxp,
~u|sy~}: ruyu|{y ~pu~~z Mpz{r, y|~} su~yu} {
p~|syx}
y
yu{}
yp|yx}
, yu
rpwtuq~s ruyu|r
Dur{s»7
B p{} |
pu, stu wu }w~ ~pzy {y
y{~ru~y uy{y Dur{s y Mpz{rp?
Xq pxqp z q|u}z, tprpzu tu|y} uxy Mpz{rp
ty{
y~~z y
pyy Au|y~{y}, p|wy} rxxu~y Mpz{rp r y
qru~~} {~u{u y p}y} y
~ Mpz{r rxrp| str ss|ur{z {|
uq|ptp~yu} p~p|yyu{s ~pp|p
r }yrxxu~yy 1840- ss. O~ yu: «Rp}p p{ ~pxrpu}p ~p
p|~p {|p ~u utpr|u q
~y{p{s uty~rp uyu{y
y~yr. B @~s|yy y r Up~yy ry|p ~p r|utryu
p~p|yxp, {z qpy| y{
r r
utr { uu~y y
|yxyrp~y quru~~ rr» (70)8..
«M~syu pr us (Cs|. - S.K.) ~p
t~
t{
p~
x{y}y qu||uyp}y, ~pxrp us ruy y }
pyy{z
{s qp y t
{p
str us {| |{ }
,
~p u}y
tr|ury y{ pp~yr
r ~pu ru} uq~ p~p|yxp». Mpz{r tpwu
{pxrpu, r Cs|u
y r ru} ru}u~~} y{
ru ryt
yr|w~
{pz~ }p~yx}p
\ "tpsuyyrp~yu
tuzryu|~y" ( 71). B
p{} yy{-|yup
~} {~u{u Mpz{r, r{ u~yrp xp|
s
Cs|, {z, |rp} {yy{p,
«tuzrrp| { ruu~~z u}u
uyu{y ~yz r
q|y{u y r ypu|, qpyr y{
r {
twuru~~}
ryxrutu~y tuzryu|~y»(180),
rytu| r Dur{} ru} t
syu, {~p~u Cs| }p~u
y y~y
twuru~~y. R {y xu~y Mpz{rp, «Cs| \ uy}
ur
yp|~z».
«Rqp~yu y~u~yz Cs| r|u
twuru~~z pyy{z
Qyy». «@ Dur{yz -
uy}
ur
y|syu{yz», y us yxqpwu~y qurp pr| ~ {py~ y «ruu~~
s|p s}~ y|syu{s y~uup»(.
180). M~u {pwu, p{u pr|u~yu Mpz{r}
Cs| y Dur{s t ~u{z uu~y ~p}y~pu yxru~u r{pxrp~yu
Apy~p: «Dur{yz yxru|
{p{ q r }p|u~{} }ppqu {u~y{r{yz
uur, tu|pr }}u~} p}utu|u~y su
, q| rut} y xprupy} pr{y}
utu|u~yu}».9. ^p wu {p, tu{yrp, |{ t utu|u~~z uu~y, }
Mpz{rp ~u xr
y }| typ|syu{z
py}y|yy prp ~u~y { u~pwp}, .u. uu~u pr{z xyyy r x~p~yu u~pwuz. O~
uq|u u}y~ "y|syu{yz
p~p|yx" y
tq|u rup|u~yu, yxrty}u u~yu} «Drz~y{p», tpwu rup|u~y |qx~pu|~s
u|ru{p, ~y{pus r y}yu{yz pr }puyy. Htu pr{yz
qu{ y
qu{ yxqpwu~y u{ pxtu|u~. Bqu
Mpz{rp,
{stp |p u Dur{}, uu ~utp~ q|p pxru~
p q|u}p
pr{s ~u~y { ut}u
yxqpwu~y. Hp, {stp ~ rtryspu uy "xp{~u
y}pyy" {p{ s|pr~} y~yu "y|syu{s p~p|yxp",
rx}w~ q|ywu~y uy{y Mpz{rp
y y{y Dur{s
ru|yyrpu. Mpz{r pxtu|| - y pr~z
~{ us uyy - trp ttp {
ut}u
x~p~y: ty~ tt - « ~p |q~p, tu{pp t~
|qx~pu|~», . u.
~y{|{ ~u ~p}y~pp ~p}
qru~~z ~puz ytu. D
sz tt - « ~p y}pyu{p, rxq
wtpp r ~p |qr, utu~u,
{r~u
rryu». Py }, q~u~y Mpz{rp, «|q~u r|ptuu ~p}y |{ r y|
ruz ~ry y tu|pu quxpx|y~} p wu
ru~yy, }uwt
u} {p{ y}pyu{u <...>
ru~ q
tu y}u t| ~p y~uu, u|y
|{ } p}y ~u uu} q~y
rrrp y
rrrp» (92). Suu
|r~ }w~ pry y uxy Mpz{rp up{yuz Mp{pp Dur
{y~p-ypu| ~p «Rp~y~~s }yu|»
P
{y~p y «Yy~u|» Cs|.
Kp{ yxru~, Dur
{y~ yp| s|
q{
y}py {
tqu Rp}~p By~p. Dpwu
~pyp|: «Dp y {|{ }uwt
~p}y- ty Rp}~r By~,
p{y wu su}{ utu~! I {p{ |r{ yp~ ru! Mu~
|ux ~u yq|y,
}p{p, {stp u|...»(1; 59). Htu ~u tr
}|u~~ {pxp~ pr{yz tt { u~pw
,
{z rxq
wtpu y}py
ypu|. Rru} t
su tu| q| «Yy~u|». Dur
{y~
rytu| r ruy Cs| |{ ~uy~
rpwtuq~
|qx~pu|~ prp. D| ~us
Cs| ~u q|uu u} p{ry|~.
K~u~, ~p} ~u qxpu|~
s|pp Dur
{y~}. Su} ~u }u~uu, r us |rp u t| yy~, qu~~ r ruu
rxs|tp Mpz{rp. Kyy{, u~yrp
p~r{
~p yp|~
q|u}
{p{
y~yyp|~u xprurp~yu
~p
p|~z {|, t
sz ~, {yyu{y ~y| { tpsuyyrp~y tuzryu|~y y tuu}y~y{}
yxqpwu~y u|ru{p. O~, ~pxrp ~ppr|u~yu "qasi-ss|ur{z {|z", yp|: « -
}uu~~u, |
y~yu{yu tpsuyy, {u ~yus ~u ryt r Cs|u, {}u ru~s yxqpwu~y ru u~{r
tuzryu|~y» ( 99).
B p{z |yup
~z y
pyy Mpz{r rxs|pp|
hxp{~ y}pyyh r {}
ruwtp|: «<c>pz~p rurp
y r q~y ru~ yxqpwp tuzryu|~ uu y}pyu{z ~. I~}y |rp}y,
twuru~~u rur u uuxtp~yu tuzryu|~y,
rupu}u ~u yx}u~u~yu} uu }, p rxrutu~yu} y r }y u|ruu{y
y~uur (r xy)» (108). Kpwu
xp}upu|~} p{, ~yu "y}pyy" Mpz{rp
ut|pspu y~u typ|syu{u
~u~yu: prp, qu{p yxqpwu~y y ypu|. O~u~yu prp (.u.
tw~y{p) {
ut}up} yxqpwu~y qx~ppu
p{: «<...> ~u ~p ruu ut}up ~uyx~s, ~u|u~yu|~s, u|y |{
tw~y{, yxqpwpyz us,
}wu tu| quxpx|y~u y}pyu{s y ~u }uyrpu y}pyu{s xp~y}pu|~}» (95).
@ ~yu|~ ypu| Mpz{r
}upu: «<...>t| s, q yxrutu~yu us }s| tuzrrp ~p |tuz, ~ t|w~ xp{|p r uqu
-~yq
t quu }|}y,
rrp}y y u}|u~y}y. I~pu y{
r
urrp| q
|{ t| p}y
tw~y{r y q| q p}
tr|uru~yu}» (89). Ip{, Mpz{r ypu,
«
twuru~~p }| - ~u y~u, {p{
rr wurp,
rr qu~y {p{z q ~y q|
tuzryu|~y u|ru{}»
(105). B {~u{u us
ruwtu~y
pu {yy{p ptu
Au|y~{s, t| {s «yx~u xtp~yu u
rpwu~yu }|y r wyrz }u»(100).
P Mpz{r
,
twuru~~p ytu wtpu «r }u
wyrz |qry y|y wyrs rpu~y ut}up yxqpwu~y».
P}
«
tw~y{ u~ p y
tpwu q|u p p} ~u ~y}pu ytuy rus yxrutu~y r uu r|uu~~z }u» (105). Suu p~ry uryt~}, r
ruwtu~yy Mpz{rp ~pq|tpu |utrpu|~u yp~yu pr{s rux~p~y. Kp{
} ryty}, y r y{u Dur{s,
y r uy{u Mpz{rp q| rpw~ typ|syu{u, y~pu sr, ptpu|~u
y}pyu{u ~u~yu { ut}up} yxqpwu~y. H~py,
Mpz{r {pusyu{y {pxp| tuu}y~yx}p. R z {y xu~y yqupu ~ru x~pu~yu y
u|r
p p~yuxp Mpz{rp "q{~ru~~u |ty" y "ru|y{yu
|ty". P Mpz{r
, "q{~ru~~u |ty" y~pt|uwp { q|y~r
,
ty~u~~}
«r|y~y} {|y}pp,
}u~y, |u}u~y y
tq», y~pu sr, y|p} pp|yx}p y|y tuu}y~yx}p. "Bu|y{yu |ty" wu y~pt|uwp {
}u~y~r
, {u «rptpu
r {pz~ yp~y y r|y~yz». O~ ryty "|y~" r yrtuzryy r~u~y} r|y~y}. Dp|uu, r ut|u~yy
~py~p|~y ~ ryty
"u|ru~". Sp{yu uxy q|yx{y ~u |{ x~p~y u~pwuz
Dur{s, ~ y ~y
|y~y,
ur
u}
p}s ypu|. Nu |y |y ~p} r ru} ruru Dur{s xr
yu
|ut
u}
}pz{r{}
p
wtu~y: «Xu|ru{, r {}, {p{ r xu{p|u,
pwpu {py~p r~u~y qu|r
us wyx~y, r p~p}p p{r us rx~y{~ru~y y pxryy, - |y rqt~u px
}~u
ur, xtp~~u
qpx
y tqy Asp?
Ctu wu r ~u} rqtp y px
}? stu wu r ~u} p}tuu|~ y p}u|~, u|y, px|psp us
rrp, }|y y
u}|u~y, r }wuu p{pxp
~y} us r~u~ yy p{ wu |us{, {p{ p{pwu rp} yxy|s yy
|qs pu~y, r~y{~
r r us p~p}y y pr us r
|pqpyy?»(129-130) @ r t
syu, u~ x~pyu|~u t| ~p, |rp Mpz{rp: «Pyx~prp~yu ~pp|p r~u~uz ~uqty}y, \ u y|,
qpx
uz yx "r{
~s
r|y~y {|y}pp, }u~y, |u}u~y y
tq, \ y~y{} p}u|~y tu|~s u|ru{p rustp {pxp|
tu|} |y{} }|ptu~u{z y|y |y{}
yx~py|rp~~z |sy{y»(125-126). Htu ~utr
}|u~~
{pxp~p Mpz{r}
rpw~ ~u~y { u|ru{
, {p{ { ~uxpruy}}
,
{z, |rp} Apy~p y{u Dur{s, «~u ttpu r~u~u}
xp~}
utu|u~y» (Apy~, . 78). Rp} ~yu "ru|y{yu
|ty"
Mpz{rp y}uu x~pu~yu r } }|u,
~y y}u «y|
yrtuzry r~u~y}
qu|rp}, ur
y} {pwt}
yx ~p yq|yxy { ytup|
qstq~s
u|ru{p» (130). Oquyx~p~ tru qu~~y x~p~y u~pwuz Dur{s:
{u ypu|~u upsyrp~yu ~p
wz rxs|t y
wyu
|rp, {u
swp ruz
r|u, y~pu sr, ruz p}u|~y, y }p~yu{p }up urpu~yy r "ru|y{s
u|ru{p", r }|u y}uus «y|
yrtuzry r~u~y} qu|rp}», u}|u~yu {
«ytup|
qstq~s u|ru{p»,
rpwu~y Mpz{rp. Rx~p~yu q|y~rp
u~pwuz Dur{s r}upu qp y
u}|u~y t~ru}u~~. Mup u~pwuz Dur{s p{} "y}
u|ruu{} yu" ~u yrpr|u~p y p}x~p~y
(tpu}
uqu u r {rp~~y
r~u~y}y qu|rp}y): ~y tuzr
r p~y~}yu{} ~u~yy rxpy}tuzry, rxpy}xpryy}y. Mpz{r ~u
u|, y}u~yr ry uxy, u{yr~
q~ p{
ty~p}y{
y|syu{z p~y~}yy u~pwuz Dur{s:
~
u| x~p{}y |{ ur}y
us ru}y «Aut~u |ty», «Drz~y{» y «Cty~ Ppy~»
r ruz {{z wyx~y. P}
~ {~
| |y pp{up }utp Dur{s {p{ «uy}
ur
y|syu{s p», t|
{s «p}u qur y~uu~ r|y~y us ~p |y~ y~tyryt
}p»(180). Dr{yz rxs|t ~p u|ru{p: t~z ~, {p{ ~p
p}u|~
, |y~, ~u{~
r~u~y} qu|rp}, t
sz
~, {p{ ptpus
pxrp~~} x~p~yu} t tpr|u~yu} r~u~y p{r, \ xr|y| Mpz{r
xu
~ rurp Dur{s
wu ~p p~~u}
pu rurp ypu|. X tp| Mpz{r
p{
rx}w~? Mw~ ut|wy,
r|u ux
|p} t~yt~y rxs|tp Mpz{rp y yu{z }|y Dur{s ~yu|~
xyyy prp (y}u~yu|~ {
qu{
yxqpwu~y) y ~y |y~y. Ip{, ~u
tyryu|~, Mpz{r, sr |~}
uu «Aut~ |tuz» y
«Drz~y{p» |{ r ~uq|} {
s
ypu|uz, ryty yy~
r, "~uyr{u" ypu|uz { ysy~p|~}
yu}
Dur{s r yxqpwu~yy
tuzryu|~y. B wu ru} ~ tu{yrpu s|
qy~
y|syu{s
p~p|yxp Dur{s, r|utryu us |{ r ux
|pu ~ut~{p~s u~y ypu|} {rpu }|. Kp{
y}u, ~ yry t~
yx |ut~y u~ «Aut~ |tuz», stu Bprpp
|t~} tuyx}} |pu
Dur
{y~p }pspxy~p} rxt~}y
u~y}y. Bqu, r |{rp~yy Mpz{r}
yxrutu~yz Dur{s
rr
u y
s|
q{p t
r~p, |y~~p xr
~. T}y~p ~u~y ytuy p{pxp «Cty~ Ppy~»,
Mpz{r ptpu Dur{}
, r~
wtu~~}
tuwp « |~s uu pxryy yx pu~y ~r qry~u~yz r p~
y», y q~u ytu p{pxp:
Dur{yz «u| yxqpxy p~z
yt y| sty~p Ppy~p r {yt}r,
qpxrpruu r ~u} r|utryu
}|y ~uquuu~~y»(183). Sp{u ||~u ~u~yu Mpz{rp
utpr|u qz |~z {~p qupt~z {yy{u Au|y~{s
rt
«Cty~p Ppy~p»: «B y{
ru ~u
t|w~ q ~yus u}~s y ~u~~s:
<...> rupu |p}u~~y{} ruz p~pxyy ru utu~u yxsyq ry suur, ru pz~u
yy~ y tuzryz, ~y}pu
p{pxrpu}s y} qy rv |
pz~u, utpr| ~py} s|pxp} t~ ~uqty}u, {p{ ~uyxquw~z ux
|p
tp~z yy~»10. Mpz{r wu, ryt r ru~~z uy yy~ y |utryz,
}|u~yy, uy
u}
y||syx}p}y, ~r
xyyry{y, ~p
{qpx~
p{
u}z yyy y p~|syy,
ruwtp|, «y||syx} - urz rps y
p~yt y{
rp» (102). Kp{
wu q| {pxp~, r rxs|tu Mpz{rp ~p
twuru~~u rur ~pq|tpu
|utrpu|~p p~ypy { tuu}y~yx}
, pp|yx}
y, r } y|u,
y||syx}
{p{ {pusyy }p|~z
|sy{y. B xp{|u~yu u| q }uy, uxy
"xp{~u y}pyy", p~ypy
{ ruur|u~~y u|ru{p y rqu rxxu~yu ~p
y{
r
B.Mpz{rp, ~u}~u~~, uu{|y{p
~ yu{z
}|y Dur{s. Bu~, ux~p~ yxu| yx
quz ~r, utpr|uz qz t~ yx
uu~yz
}~pu~yz 40- ss. XIX r.
Htu }w~ ut|psp r|y~yu
yu{s yp|yx}p, p~|syy Uuzuqpp y . t. N p}u
rpw~u, -}u}
, r }, y{p Dur{s y uyu{p }| B.Mpz{rp q|y
}yrp~ - r ru} xr
yy - t y ruy r 1846 s. @ ,
{pwts {~{u~, |
wy| }yrp~y y
y{y y uyu{z
}|y r p}uu
}~pu~yz 30\40- ss. XIX r.? ^ r, -}u}
, uu pu ~utp~ pxuu~~}
y r|u rpw~z u}z t|
~y}p~y y~y{r y{y Dur{s. PQIMEX@NI` |
1. K}pry B.L. _~ Dur{s// O Dostoevskom: Stat'i. Qsviduu:
2. K
|ur B.I. Np
p|~p {|p r
{z |yup
u XIX ru{p. M., 1982. yxt-r «Pruu~yu», . 65
3. Mp~~ _. Bp|uyp~ Mpz{r // B |yup
. 1963. 11. c.
103-123. Tp{y~p S.I. Au|y~{yz y |yup
~-uuyu{yu y~y upurur
// Au|y~{yz y ru}u~~. M., 1964.
Ixt-r «Np
{p», c. 172-196.
4. Au|y~{yz B C. P|y. q. .: B
13 . S. 10. M., 1956. Ixt-r
«@{ptu}y ~p
{ RRRQ», 29-30
5. Au|y~{yz B C. T{px. P|. q. . . 32
6. Surras V. Belinskij,
and Russian Literary Criticism.
7 Mp~~ _. T{px. w
. , . 116-117
8. Mpz{r B.N. Ryru~yu K|rp; Nu
{z |yup
u r 1846 s. // Lyup
~p
{yy{p: Rpy y uu~xyy. L., 1985. «V
twuru~~p |yup
p», Rp~yp
yp yx z {~ysy
{pxrpu yp}y r {~u yp.
9. Apy~ M. M. Pq|u} y{y Dur{s. M., 1963. Ixt-r «Rru{yz ypu|», . 65
10. Au|y~{yz B C. T{px. P|. q.
.. . 42