Lyup~-}u}yp|~z }xuz U.M. Dur{s
Ayq|yu{p @|}p~pp «Dur{yz y
}yrp {|p» Ky~yp S. @~|sy y
y{p rurp Dur{s. Rq~y{
puz. Puty|ryu B.S~y}p~rp. Rp~{-Puuqs:
Ruuq~z ru{, 2005 — 208 . O~u~yu U. M.
Dur{s { }p~yx}
B ruru Dur{s ~u~yu prp { }p~yx} r|u
tr{: r-ur, r y~uuu prp { }p~yu{y}
yp}, {p{ ut}up} twuru~~s yxqpwu~y, . u. su} r yxrutu~y, r-r, r ttu prp { su}. R|utu
qpy r~y}p~yu ~p , suy Dur{s -
}p~y{y wu r y| rus ywtu~y s|q{ p ppt{p|~z pp{u us }yxtp~y y r |pq uut ~y},
r~wtu~ ty~u~y u}. Sp{u u~yu, -}u}, ~pq|tpu r 30-40-u st ~u |{ suur
Dur{s, ~ y suur-}p~y{r tsy
ypu|uz: Cs|, Lu}~rp, Rp|{r-Zuty~p. B ruy "Nur{yz u{" Cs| (1834) }upu| Py{pur {~y|
qz {p, {stp ~ rytu|, {p{ qwuru~~p
{pp ppt{p|~ uru quxqpxyu}, {ppryp xp~y}pu
yyuz1. H~pyu|~ pr{yu |rp r {~u
ruy: «Kp{ p~~, {p{ ~uywy} yspu ~p}y tqp
~pp!.<c> Bv yty ~pq».2.
B «Hpy{p }putus» Cs| (1834) Pyy~
u| }p r }}u~, {stp yp| }~u~yu r t{u ruuz y us
rpy| u~yu yruuru~~y, ppt{p|~y us }yxtp~y.3.
B «Cuu ~pus ru}u~y» Lu}~rp
(1839\1840) Puy~ r ru} t~ur~y{u wp|u ~p r tq, {p ~u tpu
u} rx}w~ wy r ruryy
ry}y q~}y y ry} ty~r}, p xppr|u us wy qu}|u~~, ypu|~.4.
Cuz ruy "Pyruyu" Rp|{rp-Zuty~p (1847) Npsyqy~ x~pu ~upxy}
~uqty}y, {u y|u qu|r, {u wu r~wtp u|ru{p wy r ppt{p|~z
ypyy.5 Nut~ xp}uy, { p{} u~y y x~p~y yuty~
|utyu yx|y~y utp ~s Dur{s r y}p
{ qp: «Kp{u wu yrxp{~~u ty u|ru{: xp{~ tr~z yt ~pu~ - M~u {pwu }y y~| x~pu~yu ypu|~u y
yx r{z, yx~z tr~y r|p pyp» (9
prsp 1838 s.)(28-1, 50)6.. X wu xry r y s|p }p~y{r? ^, r-ur, x~p~yu
ututu|u~~y u|ruu{z tq, r-r, p~~z ~, utrp |y ~u
uutyz r u, ~ |tuz, y~wtu~~
p r {rp y| ututu|u~y r tuzryu|~y. I r } ~u wu
{u wpwtp rqt |y~y, r|y, pu
pxryyu p}x~p~y y qu{yr~y. Mp{p Dur{y~ t r|y~yu} y|~s
rup|u~y «Yy~u|y» Cs|, u y|syu{u pr~ruyu, yu
Bpu~{u }, «B{u ~yu utu|u~ rur~y} ~p t| u|ruu{. S} utu|u~ q r su~up|{y |up, } |wy
y|~} ru~y{}» (8 y|)(1, 61). B
wu ru} us x~p~yu wu ~u }wu {y ~p } yx~p~yy
ututu|u~y tq. Es p}x~p~yu,
rxrp~~u qu{yryxpyuz u} Cs| ~prp y qy y~r~y{p, tq~s u}, ~ppu us {zryu. B ux|pu s Dur{y~,
«N, p uu, rrrpr, s~y} tq, ,
~ywu~~z u, utp| yp~y qru~~s rus ty~rp»(21
prsp)(1, 82). R tsz ~ Dur{y~, r}~yr tq Bpu~{y,
yu uz, «Ous r, Bpu~{p, p{p ~up~p? @~su|y{ }z! tp u}
wu r- wu y ru? B }u~ tqp, u{p~p, }~p; us wu rp}
p{p x|p tqp rptpu ~p t|? Ous p{ rv
|pu, r yz- u|ru{ r xpu~u ~pty, p { ts} {} pu p} ~ppyrpu?»(5
u~q)(1, 86) Oqp y r{pxrp~y, -}u}, {pxrp typpx~ qu{yr~y
Dur{y~p. Gpwtp rqwtu~y ututu|u~y
tq, ~u }ur uuzy pq (~ sry, «^ r|~t}r») p~}yrp|p r y|, uq yp, pxyu|~.
Htu, ru~, rx~y{pu q|u}p «Drz~y{p».
R|pqu uut x~p~yu} ututu|u~y tq }p|u~{yu |ty ~u }s pyy typpx~ qru~~z qu{yr~y, ruz r|y, ~u
pxyr u|~ ruz |y~y. B s|pxp
C|t{y~p, {z sty «u}, ~u q|z u|ru{, p }p|u~{yz», «~u y~ysp~», |ty r{s ~us }p{yy}y, ~u s|p}y,
y u} {pw rpsp}y. C|t{y~, stp t~s | Pyy~},
ru~, yp| wu p}u }~u~yu r t{u
ruuz y y| wu yruuru~~, ppt{p|~ us }yxtp~y,
{p{ y Pyy~. O~ u}y| yty
«ruz tsz, qz tsz», «}, { y qux {|~ uz»
(I,
117). N, {pxp|, ~ tuzru ru-p{y ~u ruz r|u, p {p{
qt {{|p, tryspp y| wy~. K~p~ syqu| syuyrp~~z qu{yr~y C|t{y~p, Bp
Y}{r, suz «R|pqs utp» syq
x~p~y p}~yywu~y. O~ rrrp| uq ~u |{ ~urqt~} tq, ~ «~uq|pstp~} { tqu ... tpr|u~, u~ pu}
y ypu uq us ~utz~}» (2, 40). B |yyu C|t{y~p
tuzryu qu{yr~y Bpy ~ppry| ~u { {wpu} r~u~u} }y, p r~ uq p}ypu|~. Htu, -}u}, rpw~ }uy, wpwtp rqwtu~y
ututu|u~y }p~y{p ~ppr|u r tru
~: t~z ~, \ wu|p~yu yp {wpyu y {rrpyu qu|rp, tsz ~, \ ~utr|r qz, . u. wu|p~yu
~ywy p}s uq. B yy C|t{y~p y
Y}{rp, -}u}, qp y qwtu~y }p~y{r ~pq|tp r {pz~y p|syu{y r|u~y. B p}x~p~yy }p~y{p y tru ~
q~ r}up y pr| u|u }p~yu{u «`». «Mupu|» {p{
yp|~z y, {} Dur{yz ruru tp|
utu|u~yu r ru} u|u~u 1848 s. y r «Au| ~p», utpr|u qz
}p~yu{u «`». Es ~prru~~z {|pt |u
rus q~u y {yy{u r xp}up~y { uyy }p~yu{z y~yy, {u tu|p|y Cusu|, Ku{us y
tsyu. Suy }p~yu{z y~yy {p{ p{rp rx~y{|p r
|ry qsz quru~~z wyx~y Cu}p~yy {~p 18-~pp|p 19 ru{p yu~{y
}p~y{r {p{ utr, {u tprp| y} rx}w~ tr~ rxry ~pt y} qwur}. @~p|sy~, -}u},
rx~y{~ru~yu y ~prru~~s {|ptp
}upu|uz-}p~y{r Dur{s.7. Rp}x~p~yu }upu|uz Dur{s, Dur{y~p t Irp~p Kpp}pxrp,
~y{~ q|uu y|y }u~uu |u}u~p}y }p~yu{z y~yy. O~y, qty
rp~~}y {wpus }yp, u} rxry ~pt r~u} ruz
xpyu{z wyx~y. B wu ru} ~y x~p yxp~, u~ rus u}|u~y. T ~y r x~p~yy yty
p{u pxtu|u~yu qu{p ~p qu{ y qu{, {p{u yy~ t|
x~p~y }p~yu{z y~yy. I~yu{yz qu{ r}upu r uqu
p}qyrp|u~~u yyu{yu u: t~z ~, s|q|u~yu r {pz~yz qu{yryx}, {z xr|u u} yxr|~
ry uq y {wpyz }y, p tsz ~, p}~pq|tu~yu y u|u{y, {u {p{ ut}u ~{yy us
p}x~p~y yrt p}xytp~yu { p}~ywu~y. Sp{p yx}u~yr ~{yy p}x~p~y ~pq|tpu
suur Dur{s ~p px~ r~: ~p r~u uurs y|, {r,
{ yruty, }upyxy{y y . t. Wu~~uzuu ~yu Apy~p ~u~yy "Irutp|~ p}r{pxrp~yz" y
"utrypu}s ws |rp" ~y, -}u}, r|u
pp||u| { z s~u t~s xp tsy} p}xytp~y y p}~ywu~y r x~p~yy }p~yu{z y~yy ~p
r~u uurs y|. Apy~, ytprp s}~u x~pu~yu } ~u~y p}r{pxrp~y suur y utryu~y
ws |rp r ruru
Dur{s, ryty ~{y p}x~p~y, -}u}, y~yu{s r
sr{p y |pxuz{p suur Dur{y~p, C|t{y~p t Irp~p Kpp}pxrp (tpwu
r }upyxyu{y |pxuz{p Irp~p
Kpp}pxrp). Nu |{ r uur} y|u, ~ y r {u yruty,
}upyxy{u, {p, . u. ~p ru r~ y}
y~yu{y} qu{} rpu suz «Hpy{ yx t|», utu|u~y prp, "ppt{p|y". P U. Y|usu|, «I~y u }p
ppt{p|~s». Pppt{p|~ «~uu}u~~u
|ryu, tp, y~y{ y y~y» y~yy. Pt|~z u|ru{, yx~prp ~yw~}
ru qu{yr~u, pu truy p}rxru~yu ruz |y~y t utu|p,
~ r tuzryu|~y us qu{yr~,
. u. }p~yu{u "`" ~u rxrp|p, p, ~pq, p~ry|p
ru q|uu z y u|pr~z, ~yw~z. "`" Qp{|~y{rp wu uqrpu r ~yy ~~s
{|uqp~y y~yu{s p}x~p~y. B |yyu
utury suur-}p~y{r, Qp{|~y{rp ry| ~rz |u}u~ ~p r~u ytuy. ^ ~p|u~yx}. Np r~u ytuy pq|~u
"`" Qp{|~y{rp ttuwyrpu {|}
Np|u~p. Htu, -}u}, pr}u~p pp||u|: x~pu~yu "`"
Uyu y y~yu{u "`" ~u}u{y
}p~y{r. Xp sr, ~u}u{yu }p~y{y rty|y x~pu|~ t}u~ yur{s pq|~s "`" }yyu{y}
"`" tu|~z |y~y, |y~y tw~y{p. P p~p|syy y}, Qp{|~y{r t}u~y| yyu{u
~p|u~r{u "`" }yyu{y}
"`" tu|~z |y~y, |y~y }upu|. Qp{|~y{r ~p r~u
ytuy, yp ututu|u~yu tq, ruwtp|
quxsp~y~u rur|yu, p ~p r~u p{p \ pqu~ y|p}y ututu|u~y y |yy| rqt ry tuzryz. Op|~u }p~yu{yu q~py: I|y, Rprsy~,
Kyy||r y Irp~ Kpp}pxr, ru ~y, -}u}, utpr| qz q|uu
y|y }u~uu y~yu{y qu{r, p{ {p{ y }upyxyu{u q~pr,
{u {u~y r y x~p~yy ppt{p|~y qwus }yp, rustp {~pu ~u prtp~yu} y u}|u~y, p tpwu
yr|w~} y r|u yt}, u}- }u~} y|y |}, ptyrp~~}. R ~puz {y
xu~y qu~~ y~uuu~ ~prru~~z q|y{ Rprsy~p, {z y
~p |ut~uz uu~y y~yu{s p}x~p~y. P rpwu~y Rup~p Sy}ryp, Rprsy~p «r~uxp~z
tu}~ y~yy, {z r wyx~ uxp| us» (10,. 151). B u~r ~pq{p u |utp xpy{p: «yx stz y~yy
~p ~urptu~yu p}y} q
\ ~ wu~y|» ({yr ~p - S.
K.) (XI, 274). Ix z wu
p}z y~yy, -}u}, Rprsy~ yp| yrut
uut Sy~}. Sy~ }u{ xu| Rprsy~p u|pryu, p}q}p~, st, {u xp r~u~uz }z
uux~y. Suu qpy} { tt prp { su}. @r p} y|xu y~y
~u~y { su}. N p pr{p y~y |ypu
}p~yu{z y~yy, {z ptp s|pr~u us suy. Sp{ ~pxrpu}p typ|syu{p xyy prp r ruru
Dur{s u, -}u}, ~u
y~u, {p{ {pr{p y~y. R{pr{p y~y, {p{ }ut typ|sp, y|rrp~y, xpty|p y}u~~ r uyt
pxryy qu{yryx}p {p{ pp{u~s u~}u~p tur~usuu{z wyx~y. ^
}~u {pwu pp||u| }, r ruru Dur{s p}x~p~yu p|
«twuru~~z t}y~p~z u~y su»(Apy~). I~y R{pp, Cusu|, «q qpu~y r |y~ quutp».
R{p ~py~p| pxsr, y~y}p r {puru yt~ u «q~u
utpr|u~y, {u us quut~y{y yp|y yy~~}y. N q xppry tsy r{pxp y utpr|u~y, ~ tu|pu
ryt, ~u x~pu y, y ryt} u|ru{p, {s ~u xpt~y
}|uz, ~ xptpu r ry} quut~y{p}, {p{ qt u y ~y, p ~p p}} tu|u rpyrpu y }~u~yu».8.
Sp{r wu, -}u}, ~u~yu prp { su} r ruru Dur{s.
Kp{ R{p quut~y{r, p{ y Dur{yz suur
truspu rus tp }p|~} {p} y ryu y ~p p}r{pxrp~y. Kp{ R{p, {z ~y{~r r yruyu
}uwt ryty} y ~ r x~p~y quut~y{r,
trty| y { }|y, yr|w~z z, r{pxrp|p y}y r ~pp|u typ|sp y q~pwyrp| y yruyu p}y}y
qz, p{ wu y Dur{yz r twuru~~} }utu y|xrp|
typ|syu{ y~y ~u~y { su y rr|| us yruyu }uwt pqp{~} y|y q}p~~} utpr|u~yu}
p}} uqu y yquu~~} r
uu pxryy tuzry {~{u~} y yy~~}. Sp{u typ|syu{u ~u~yu,
{p{ }uy| Apy~, ur|u r }}u~ ru{s up y rty r
xp}u| prp.9. Ou~ y~uu~ yp |utyu xpy{y r u~r} prspu
«Pu|u~y y ~p{pxp~y»: «Qp{px y}u~y
prp, {p{ q ~uryty}s, ~ rurutus urp, ~ ~u pr| us ~y ~p }y~, tpwu |rp}y: "y t s rv ~up~~ tu|p|»(7,
146). Htu rpwu~ u}|u~yu prp urpy
r {}uu~y r ~{y p{yryxpyy p}u t| p}r{pxrp~y y p}rpwu~y suur, . u. u}|u~yu p
«ryrp|~z qpq{z» r {pr{} }|u. R
~puz {y xu~y p}p {p z }| Dur{s yr|u{pu r~y}p~yu. Nu t~ xtu xp}uy y~y r |rp: «~u ryty}s, ~
rurutus», «~ ~u pr| us ~y ~p }y~», «tpwu |rp}y: "t
s rv ~up~~ tu|p|"». Kpwtp pxp pr|u y~yu{yz {~p t~p tsz }uwt ryty} y ~.
Dsp pxp: «N prp. Nw~
|y{} }~s ~pyr~y y {ru~~y» (7, 149) x~ppu y~yu{yz q ttp prp { su. N p pr{p y~y utpr|u qz yu} ttp { su} prp-
«up|yp r ru} }|u». Aux s yu}p ~u
q| q up|yx}p Dur{s, } q|y~r suur Dur{s r| }p~yu{y}y qu{p}y, { } wu r
ruz uu~y u|u{yy}y, x~p~y {
rzru~~p y~y. T ~y, {p{ } wu p}u|y, u~ y|~ u~yu ppt{p|~y us }yxtp~y, x~p~yu ututu|u~y ruz
tq y r wu ru} y|~ u}|u~yu rqty z utupuz
y| r qru~~} qu{yr~} }yu. ^ rqt y} quuyrpu
}p~yu{p y~y, {p{ ~{y y p}x~p~y. P Apy~, ~y p{rp uq, |{ {stp pr ~y { ~y}
typ|syu{y. P-}u}, yu}
ttp prp }w~ ~pxrp rus tp {pr{z y~yuz r yr|w~ }p~yu{z y~yy suur. Muwt y}y
tr} y~y}y, }uwt y~yu{y} p}x~p~yu} suur y y~yu{y} tt}
prp { ~y} uru ~pwu~~p typ~y. Aux z typ~yy ~urx}w~ q|
q pr quuy t|y~~ qu{yr~ yxqpwu~y su. Kp{
u| y~yu{z xyyy R{pp q| pxryyu r~u~~us }yp u|ru{p,
p{ u| pr{z y~yu{z xyyy
Dur{s q| u}|u~yu «y |~} up|yx}u ~pzy u|ru{p r u|ru{u», ~pzy rx}w~
}p|~s rxwtu~y pxtru~~s, prus u|ru{p. ^z u|y
|wy|p pr{p y~y {p{ «t{pxpu|r yr~s» (R{p}r)10. B xp{|u~yu u| q tu{~ rpw~ Dur{s
rxpy}~u~y y~yy x~p~y suur y pr{z y~yy. B uu
rurp Dur{s rxpy}~u~yu tr y~yy typ|syu{y s|q|u y pyu ~p px~ r~ y
pr|u {p{ u|u |y~yu{yz, up|yyu{yz r ru} }|u,
twuru~~z }y. N {stp Dur{yz rpu q|yy}, tu| qy y~pu. O~
rpu {uu }p~y{}, t| {s ~u
yu}|u}p ruyu|{p py~p|yyu{p ytu|sy, ~yu|}y {z r ru} r| Xu~ur{yz, Dq|qr y t. I r
}yrp~yy }yrxxu~y Dur{s
ysp uru~~ | trp |u}u~p, {u q|ry|y rx~y{~ru~yu uruz{s
}p~yx}p. ^, r-ur, pxprp~yu r ux|pp y tywu~y qwpx~z ur|yy, r-r, p~yuxp
ruyu|{z py~p|yyu{z ytu|syy. Ptq~u |u}u~ r }yrxxu~yy Dur{s p~r
ru xp}u~uu qu~~ |u 60 str. Ip{, }p~yx} {p{ ut|{p rurp y }yrxxu~y Dur{s
y}uu uruu~~u x~pu~yu. N y~y {p{ {pz~uu r|u~yu qu{yryxpyy y qu{yryxpyy ~p
r~u p}x~p~y suur y ~p r~u pr{s
}utp r ruru Dur{s yxrty ~pwu~~z ty~p}yx}
y, pxyr p}{ }p~yx}p, xr|u pr ~y{~ r t u|ru{p y tys~ up|yx}p r ru} }|u. PQIMEX@NI`
|
1.
«B p}} tu|u, ~y{stp wp| p{ y|~ ~u r|pturpu ~p}y, {p{ y rytu
{p, ~z |ur~} tp~yu}
pxrpp. P q uu quxqpxyu twy| ~y}, ~ {pp, {pp ~uw~p
... ~p |{ t~z ~u~ y yz |yrpu r ~py }|», «~, r! ~p q|p
{p{- wp~ r|u pt{s tp, wpwtus pxy sp}~y wyx~y, qu~p } r us
y~». (N. M. Cs|. Rq. . r 6 }p, M., 1949, . 3, .19)
2. «Kp{ p~~, {p{ ~uywy} yspu ~p}y
tqp ~pp! <c> Bu yty ~pq. S} tqp tp|p u{p~uzy |ptuz, y ~ pr~t~ {ppu ~p ~y,
rru ~u xp}up y {p, stp {p{ tsz, {s utu sy
|pty~ p, ytu u{} y tr|ru
|{ u}, u|{yrpu x{}, {stp }y} us rt p{p. S y}uu |y~s rpp, ~ { wp|u~y, p{z
}p|u~{yz , q|u tr {{r
~y{p{ ~u }wu y, tsz y}uu ru|yy~ r p{ C|pr~s
pqp, ~, r, t|wu~ tr|rrp
{p{y}-~yqt ~u}u{y} qut} yx {pu|. Kp{ p~~ yspu ~p}y tqp ~pp!» (Sp} wu, . 40.)
3.
«Bv, u |us ~p ruu, rv tpu y|y {p}u-~{up} y|y su~up|p}.
Npztu uqu qut~u qspr, t}pu
tp us {, - rpu uq {p}u-~{u y|y su~up|» (Sp} wu, . 177.) «Ous y|~z ru~y{?
Mwu q, {p{z-~yqt sp y|y su~up|,
p |{ p{ {pw y|~} ru~y{}?»(Sp} wu, . 178.)
4. «Nuwu|y, t}p| , }u uty~ru~~u ~px~pu~yu ~p
xu}|u \ pxp wyu ~ptuwt? R u ,
{p{ wyr y tuzr, tqp {p{- rustp yrty|p }u~ { pxrx{u wy tp},
{p{ qt qux }u~ ~y{ ~u }s q ~y }uu, ~y yzy r p~yu!
<c> Mp| |y |tuz, ~py~p wyx~, t}p {~y uu {p{ @|u{p~t
Bu|y{yz, y|y |t Apz~, }uwt u} u|z ru{ p y|~} ru~y{p}y?»
(M. _. Lu}~r. R. r 6 }p, M.-L.,
1957, . 6, . 301)
5 «Bu}y ~p}y pr| qu|rp, ru } ~u y~u,
{p{ |~u y {~u pq
~uqty}y, y } ru|ypzyz suz tu|pu } r p{y
qu|rp, stu tu|pu
ru|ypzy} suu}", ", {} ytp, {pxp| q, tp|p ru, q
q ru|y{y} }|yu|u}, ru|y{y} stpru~~} u|ru{}, r tuzryu|~y
ppu ru}p t~u psy y|y
pr|u {xu| yx}u~~ p |ptuz»(Rp|{r-Zuty~. Rq. . r 20 }p, M., 1965. . 1, . 133.)
6. Ev tsu yx|y~yu ~s Dur{s: «B p}} tu|u {p{
s~p qrpu wyx~ r, y
{p{ s~ p|~u uu }s~ru~, {stp u|ru{, rr ry xpq|wtu~,
x~prp r uqu y| ~uq~u, ryty ~y ypu~ r tuu|~y |w~z,
r ~uuuru~~y, r tuu|~y
~utz~z t| yt ruz; {stp rru, |p}u~ tur~z xptpr|u~,
u~ qs x~pu u}; {stp utu pxrp~ {|{p}, y us? O wyx~y, tz~z ys}u, p ~u
ru|y{p~p, uqu~{p, p ~u u|ru{p (19 y| 1840s.)(28-1, 75)
7. @. R. D}yyur. Pq|u} ru~{s
}p~yx}p. M., yxt-r MCT,1975, . 201.
8. Q. P. Cpqyrp. Uy|y ~u}u{s }p~yx}p. M., «Np{p»,
1978, . 118.
9. M.Apy~. Pq|u}
y{y Dur{s. M., «Rru{yz ypu|», 1963, . 85.
10. @. R. R{p}r. Nprru~~u y{p~y {y
ypu|uz. M., «Vtwuru~~p |yupp», 1972, .110.